Deep Reinforcement Learning Approaches the MILP Optimum of a Multi-Energy Optimization in Energy Communities

As energy systems transition toward high shares of variable renewable generation, local energy communities (ECs) are increasingly relevant for enabling demand-side flexibility and self-sufficiency. This shift is particularly evident in the residential sector, where the deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems is rapidly growing. While mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) remains the standard for operational optimization and demand response in such systems, its computational burden limits scalability and responsiveness under real-time or uncertain conditions. Reinforcement learning (RL), by contrast, offers a model-free, adaptive alternative. However, its application to real-world energy system operation remains limited. This study explores the application of a Deep Q-Network (DQN) to a real residential EC, which has received limited attention in prior work. The system comprises three single-family homes sharing a centralized heating system with a thermal energy storage (TES), a PV installation, and a grid connection. We compare the performance of MILP and RL controllers across economic and environmental metrics. Relative to a reference scenario without TES, MILP and RL reduce energy costs by 10.06% and 8.78%, respectively, and both approaches yield lower total energy consumption and CO 2 -equivalent emissions. Notably, the trained RL agent achieves a near-optimal outcome while requiring only 22% of the MILP’s computation time. These results demonstrate that DQNs can offer a computationally efficient and practically viable alternative to MILP for real-time control in residential energy systems.