Numerical Investigation of Clocking Effects on the Hydraulic Performance of Pump–Turbine in Pump Mode

This study numerically investigates clocking effects on pump–turbine hydraulic performance in pump mode. Analyzing the influence of clock position on pressure loss characteristics under three flow conditions and its correlation with internal flow. By integrating local hydraulic loss theory and vortex evolution analysis, the operational mechanism is elucidated. Key results show that the stay vane clock position significantly impacts off-design conditions, causing maximum efficiency differences of 0.855% at 0.8 Q d and 0.805% at 1.2 Q d . At the design condition, guide vane clocking position has a more pronounced effect, yielding a maximum inter-scheme efficiency difference of 0.330%. The optimal scheme positions the tongue at the guide vane trailing edge and 1/4 of the stay vane flow path, minimizing time-averaged losses and enhancing flow stability. The clocking effect alters the scale and intensity of volute dual-vortex structures, significantly increasing energy loss at vortex interfaces, with volute loss identified as the primary factor in performance variation. This work provides a theoretical foundation for applying clocking effects in pump–turbine engineering.