A Multi-Stage Feature Selection and Explainable Machine Learning Framework for Forecasting Transportation CO 2 Emissions

The transportation sector is a major consumer of primary energy and is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable transportation requires identifying and quantifying factors influencing transport-related CO 2 emissions. This research aims to establish an adaptable, precise, and transparent forecasting structure for transport CO 2 emissions of the United States. For this reason, we proposed a multi-stage method that incorporates explainable Machine Learning (ML) and Feature Selection (FS), guaranteeing interpretability in comparison to conventional black-box models. Due to high multicollinearity among 24 initial variables, hierarchical feature clustering and multi-step FS were applied, resulting in five key predictors: Total Primary Energy Imports (TPEI), Total Fossil Fuels Consumed (FFT), Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (AVMT), Air Passengers-Domestic and International (APDI), and Unemployment Rate (UR). Four ML methods—Support Vector Regression, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, ElasticNet, and Multilayer Perceptron—were employed, with ElasticNet outperforming the others with RMSE = 45.53, MAE = 30.6, and MAPE = 0.016. SHAP analysis revealed AVMT, FFT, and APDI as the top contributors to CO 2 emissions. This framework aids policymakers in making informed decisions and setting precise investments.