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Hybrid Small Modular Reactor—Renewable Systems for Smart Cities: A Simulation-Based Assessment for Clean and Resilient Urban Energy Transitions

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  • Nikolay Hinov

    (CoE “National Center of Mechatronics and Clean Technologies”, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
    Department of Computer Systems, Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria)

Abstract

The global transition to clean energy necessitates integrated solutions that ensure both environmental sustainability and energy security. This paper proposes a scenario-based modeling framework for urban hybrid energy systems combining small modular reactors (SMRs), photovoltaic (PV) generation, and battery storage within a smart grid architecture. SMRs offer compact, low-carbon, and reliable baseload power suitable for urban environments, while PV and storage enhance system flexibility and renewable integration. Six energy mix scenarios are evaluated using a lifecycle-based cost model that incorporates both capital expenditures (CAPEX) and cumulative carbon costs over a 25-year horizon. The modeling results demonstrate that hybrid SMR–renewable systems—particularly those with high nuclear shares—can reduce lifecycle CO 2 emissions by over 90%, while maintaining long-term economic viability under carbon pricing assumptions. Scenario C, which combines 50% SMR, 40% PV, and 10% battery, emerges as a balanced configuration offering deep decarbonization with moderate investment levels. The proposed framework highlights key trade-offs between emissions and capital cost and seeking resilient and scalable pathways to support the global clean energy transition and net-zero commitments.

Suggested Citation

  • Nikolay Hinov, 2025. "Hybrid Small Modular Reactor—Renewable Systems for Smart Cities: A Simulation-Based Assessment for Clean and Resilient Urban Energy Transitions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-27, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:15:p:3993-:d:1710911
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    References listed on IDEAS

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