IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i12p3096-d1677287.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Advanced Non-Unit Protection Strategy for MMC-HVDC Grids Leveraging Two-Dimensional High-Frequency Characteristics via HHT and SVM

Author

Listed:
  • Chenglin Ren

    (China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Ultra High Voltage Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510700, China)

  • Yige Hu

    (School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)

  • Xiang Lu

    (China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Ultra High Voltage Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510700, China)

  • Yue Chen

    (China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Ultra High Voltage Transmission Company, Guangzhou 510700, China)

  • Kepeng Xia

    (XJ Electric Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China)

  • Hailin Li

    (College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China)

Abstract

The rapid development of direct current (DC) grids poses significant challenges to the speed, reliability, and selectivity of fault protection systems. These systems are required to identify and distinguish between internal and external faults despite the constraints of limited information and time. This study introduces a non-unit protection scheme based on the classification of two-dimensional feature parameters utilizing the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) and a support vector machine (SVM). Through time–frequency analysis of the voltage waveform following DC faults, critical information within the high-frequency component of the fault voltage, specifically, the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the wavefront, is extracted to distinguish internal from external faults. Two-dimensional feature parameters are associated with signal attenuation and distortion during fault propagation via the transmission path, thereby providing a foundation for precise fault identification. The employment of an SVM ensures the selectivity of this scheme without relying on protection settings. The efficacy of the scheme is validated through simulations conducted using PSCAD/EMTDC across various fault scenarios.

Suggested Citation

  • Chenglin Ren & Yige Hu & Xiang Lu & Yue Chen & Kepeng Xia & Hailin Li, 2025. "Advanced Non-Unit Protection Strategy for MMC-HVDC Grids Leveraging Two-Dimensional High-Frequency Characteristics via HHT and SVM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3096-:d:1677287
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3096/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3096/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Jianwei & Yang, Qingqing & Mu, Hao & Le Blond, Simon & He, Hongwen, 2018. "A new fault detection and fault location method for multi-terminal high voltage direct current of offshore wind farm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 13-20.
    2. Waqas Javed & Dong Chen & Mohamed Emad Farrag & Yan Xu, 2019. "System Configuration, Fault Detection, Location, Isolation and Restoration: A Review on LVDC Microgrid Protections," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-30, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. David Marroqui & Ausias Garrigos & Jose M. Blanes & Roberto Gutierrez, 2019. "Photovoltaic-Driven SiC MOSFET Circuit Breaker with Latching and Current Limiting Capability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-16, December.
    2. Jiang, Sufan & Gao, Shan & Pan, Guangsheng & Zhao, Xin & Liu, Yu & Guo, Yasen & Wang, Sicheng, 2020. "A novel robust security constrained unit commitment model considering HVDC regulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    3. Navid Bayati & Mehdi Savaghebi, 2021. "Protection Systems for DC Shipboard Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-20, August.
    4. Mohamed Radwan & Sahar Pirooz Azad, 2022. "Protection of Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-37, December.
    5. Vitor Fernão Pires & Armando Pires & Armando Cordeiro, 2023. "DC Microgrids: Benefits, Architectures, Perspectives and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, January.
    6. Liang, Jinping & Zhang, Ke & Al-Durra, Ahmed & Zhou, Daming, 2020. "A novel fault diagnostic method in power converters for wind power generation system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    7. Wang, Ruiting & Feng, Wei & Nordman, Bruce & Gerber, Daniel & Li, Yutong & Kang, Jing & Hao, Bin & Brown, Rich, 2025. "Technology standards for direct current microgrids in buildings: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    8. Sang-Yong Park & Hyo-Sang Choi, 2021. "Operation Characteristics of Mechanical DC Circuit Breaker Combined with LC Divergence Oscillation Circuit for High Reliability of LVDC System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-17, August.
    9. Jiyang Wu & Qiang Li & Qian Chen & Guangqiang Peng & Jinyu Wang & Qiang Fu & Bo Yang, 2022. "Evaluation, Analysis and Diagnosis for HVDC Transmission System Faults via Knowledge Graph under New Energy Systems Construction: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-20, October.
    10. Srivastava, Chetan & Tripathy, Manoj, 2021. "DC microgrid protection issues and schemes: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    11. Ting Wang & Liliuyuan Liang & Xinrang Feng & Ferdinanda Ponci & Antonello Monti, 2021. "Online Parameter Estimation for Fault Identification in Multi-Terminal DC Distribution Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-15, September.
    12. Jorge De La Cruz & Eduardo Gómez-Luna & Majid Ali & Juan C. Vasquez & Josep M. Guerrero, 2023. "Fault Location for Distribution Smart Grids: Literature Overview, Challenges, Solutions, and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-37, February.
    13. Junho Hong & Dmitry Ishchenko & Anil Kondabathini, 2021. "Implementation of Resilient Self-Healing Microgrids with IEC 61850-Based Communications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-16, January.
    14. Noor Hussain & Mashood Nasir & Juan Carlos Vasquez & Josep M. Guerrero, 2020. "Recent Developments and Challenges on AC Microgrids Fault Detection and Protection Systems–A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-31, May.
    15. Yangfan Chen & Yu Zhang, 2023. "DC Transformers in DC Distribution Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-19, March.
    16. Sapountzoglou, Nikolaos & Lago, Jesus & De Schutter, Bart & Raison, Bertrand, 2020. "A generalizable and sensor-independent deep learning method for fault detection and location in low-voltage distribution grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    17. Nguyen, Thi Anh Tuyet & Chou, Shuo-Yan, 2019. "Improved maintenance optimization of offshore wind systems considering effects of government subsidies, lost production and discounted cost model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    18. Terriche, Yacine & Lashab, Abderezak & Çimen, Halil & Guerrero, Josep M. & Su, Chun-Lien & Vasquez, Juan C., 2022. "Power quality assessment using signal periodicity independent algorithms – A shipboard microgrid case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    19. Hussain, Muhammed & Dhimish, Mahmoud & Titarenko, Sofya & Mather, Peter, 2020. "Artificial neural network based photovoltaic fault detection algorithm integrating two bi-directional input parameters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1272-1292.
    20. Sun, Chenhao & Wang, Xin & Zheng, Yihui, 2020. "An ensemble system to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of energy security weaknesses in transmission networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3096-:d:1677287. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.