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Multi-Level Simulation Framework for Degradation-Aware Operation of a Large-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems

Author

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  • Leon Tadayon

    (Chair of Automation and Energy Systems, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany)

  • Georg Frey

    (Chair of Automation and Energy Systems, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany)

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources necessitates efficient energy storage solutions, with large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) playing a key role in grid stabilization and time-shifting of energy. This study presents a multi-level simulation framework for optimizing BESS operation across multiple markets while incorporating degradation-aware dispatch strategies. The framework integrates a day-ahead (DA) dispatch level, an intraday (ID) dispatch level, and a high-resolution simulation level to accurately model the impact of operational strategies on state of charge and battery degradation. A case study of BESS operation in the German electricity market is conducted, where frequency containment reserve provision is combined with DA and ID trading. The simulated revenue is validated by a battery revenue index. The study also compares full equivalent cycle (FEC)-based and state-of-health-based degradation models and discusses their application to cost estimation in dispatch optimization. The results emphasize the advantage of using FEC-based degradation costs for dispatch decision-making. Future research will include price forecasting and expanded market participation strategies to further improve and stabilize the profitability of BESS in multi-market environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Leon Tadayon & Georg Frey, 2025. "Multi-Level Simulation Framework for Degradation-Aware Operation of a Large-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:11:p:2708-:d:1662742
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Nitsch, Felix & Deissenroth-Uhrig, Marc & Schimeczek, Christoph & Bertsch, Valentin, 2021. "Economic evaluation of battery storage systems bidding on day-ahead and automatic frequency restoration reserves markets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    4. Verma, Disha & V.S, Indrajith & Sankaranarayanan, R., 2025. "Dynamics of Heisenberg XYZ two-spin quantum battery," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 659(C).
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