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The 4th Industrial Revolution Brings a Change in the Design Paradigm for New and Retrofitted Buildings

Author

Listed:
  • Mark Bomberg

    (Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA)

  • Anna Romanska-Zapala

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland)

  • Paulo Santos

    (ISISE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal)

Abstract

The Fourth Industrial Revolution forms a smart grid with diverse sources of energy through the interconnectivity of data. Buildings that were previously the biggest users of energy are now becoming energy producers. Yet, buildings are also continually changing. The ecological definition of buildings, in addition to the building itself, includes solar panels and geothermal energy storage. The need for decarbonization and energy-efficiency brought about the implementation of heat pumps in buildings. The most economic type of heat pump is a water-sourced heat pump with hot and cold tanks or a connection to the District Energy System. Monitoring using building automatics allows HVAC optimization in the occupancy stage. Until the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the EU and the US differed in their air handling methodology, but the pandemic showed the limitations of both approaches and led to the creation of a new, integrated approach. These new ventilation systems, based on filtration instead of dilution, come together with decarbonization and the demand for new and retrofitted buildings to be smart, have zero emissions and excellent indoor environments, and be affordable. To fulfill these conditions, design teams must extrapolate experience with passive houses and introduce expertise in building automatic controls (BAC). The authors analyze the heating cooling and ventilation aspects of dwellings in a technology called Ecological Thermo-Active (ETA) technology that can also be applied to the interior retrofitting of buildings, including those with historic facades. The building “ with classic form and ultramodern function ” is an example of this changing design paradigm.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark Bomberg & Anna Romanska-Zapala & Paulo Santos, 2023. "The 4th Industrial Revolution Brings a Change in the Design Paradigm for New and Retrofitted Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-22, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:4:p:1993-:d:1071771
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Marek Dudzik & Anna Romanska-Zapala & Mark Bomberg, 2020. "A Neural Network for Monitoring and Characterization of Buildings with Environmental Quality Management, Part 1: Verification under Steady State Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
    2. Seyedmohammadreza Heibati & Wahid Maref & Hamed H. Saber, 2019. "Assessing the Energy and Indoor Air Quality Performance for a Three-Story Building Using an Integrated Model, Part One: The Need for Integration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Mark Bomberg & Anna Romanska-Zapala & David Yarbrough, 2020. "Journey of American Building Physics: Steps Leading to the Current Scientific Revolution," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-12, February.
    4. Małgorzata Fedorczak-Cisak & Alicja Kowalska-Koczwara & Krzysztof Nering & Filip Pachla & Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina & Grzegorz Śladowski & Tadeusz Tatara & Bartłomiej Ziarko, 2019. "Evaluation of the Criteria for Selecting Proposed Variants of Utility Functions in the Adaptation of Historic Regional Architecture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-29, February.
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