IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2022i1p169-d1013343.html

Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network

Author

Listed:
  • Khondoker Ziaul Islam

    (School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia)

  • Md. Sanwar Hossain

    (School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia)

  • B. M. Ruhul Amin

    (Centre for New Energy Transition Research, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia)

  • G. M. Shafiullah

    (School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia)

  • Ferdous Sohel

    (School of Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
    Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia)

Abstract

The heterogeneous network (HetNet) is a specified cellular platform to tackle the rapidly growing anticipated data traffic. From a communications perspective, data loads can be mapped to energy loads that are generally placed on the operator networks. Meanwhile, renewable energy-aided networks offer to curtailed fossil fuel consumption, so to reduce the environmental pollution. This paper proposes a renewable energy based power supply architecture for the off-grid HetNet using a novel energy sharing model. Solar photovoltaics (PV) along with sufficient energy storage devices are used for each macro, micro, pico, or femto base station (BS). Additionally, a biomass generator (BG) is used for macro and micro BSs. The collocated macro and micro BSs are connected through end-to-end resistive lines. A novel-weighted proportional-fair resource-scheduling algorithm with sleep mechanisms is proposed for non-real time (NRT) applications by trading-off the power consumption and communication delays. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm with an extended discontinuous reception (eDRX) and power saving mode (PSM) for narrowband internet of things (IoT) applications extends the battery lifetime for IoT devices. HOMER optimization software is used to perform optimal system architecture, economic, and carbon footprint analyses while the Monte-Carlo simulation tool is used for evaluating the throughput and energy efficiency performances. The proposed algorithms are validated through the practical data of the rural areas of Bangladesh from which it is evident that the proposed power supply architecture is energy-efficient, cost-effective, reliable, and eco-friendly.

Suggested Citation

  • Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Sanwar Hossain & B. M. Ruhul Amin & G. M. Shafiullah & Ferdous Sohel, 2022. "Renewable Energy-Based Energy-Efficient Off-Grid Base Stations for Heterogeneous Network," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-33, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:169-:d:1013343
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/169/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/169/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Faran Ahmed & Muhammad Naeem & Waleed Ejaz & Muhammad Iqbal & Alagan Anpalagan & Hyung Seok Kim, 2018. "Renewable Energy Assisted Traffic Aware Cellular Base Station Energy Cooperation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abu Jahid & Khondokar Mizanur Rahman & Sarwar Ahmed & Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2020. "Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-33, November.
    4. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Techno-Economic Evaluation of a Stand-Alone Power System Based on Solar Power/Batteries for Global System for Mobile Communications Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-20, March.
    5. Islam, Md Shahinur & Akhter, Ruma & Rahman, Mohammad Ashifur, 2018. "A thorough investigation on hybrid application of biomass gasifier and PV resources to meet energy needs for a northern rural off-grid region of Bangladesh: A potential solution to replicate in rural off-grid areas or not?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 338-355.
    6. Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2017. "Comparative Analysis of Solar-Powered Base Stations for Green Mobile Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-25, August.
    7. Alam Hossain Mondal, Md. & Sadrul Islam, A.K.M., 2011. "Potential and viability of grid-connected solar PV system in Bangladesh," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 1869-1874.
    8. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2017. "Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and Future Research Directions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-27, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abdullah G. Alharbi & Md Shafiullah & Md. Rabiul Islam & Afef Fekih, 2022. "Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-29, February.
    2. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Abu Jahid & Khondokar Mizanur Rahman & Sarwar Ahmed & Mohammed H. Alsharif, 2020. "Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-33, November.
    3. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Abu Jahid & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Mohammed H. Alsharif & Md. Fayzur Rahman, 2020. "Multi-Objective Optimum Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Energy Supply to a Green Cellular Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-35, April.
    4. Mohammed W. Baidas & Mastoura F. Almusailem & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2022. "Renewable-Energy-Powered Cellular Base-Stations in Kuwait’s Rural Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-29, March.
    5. Md. Sanwar Hossain & Abdullah G. Alharbi & Khondoker Ziaul Islam & Md. Rabiul Islam, 2021. "Techno-Economic Analysis of the Hybrid Solar PV/H/Fuel Cell Based Supply Scheme for Green Mobile Communication," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-29, November.
    6. Peter Ozaveshe Oviroh & Tien-Chien Jen, 2018. "The Energy Cost Analysis of Hybrid Systems and Diesel Generators in Powering Selected Base Transceiver Station Locations in Nigeria," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-20, March.
    7. Mohammed W. Baidas & Rola W. Hasaneya & Rashad M. Kamel & Sultan Sh. Alanzi, 2021. "Solar-Powered Cellular Base Stations in Kuwait: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-26, November.
    8. Bin Mofidul, R. & Hossain, M.J. & Zamee, A. & Alam, M.M., 2026. "Improving energy resilience in cellular base stations and critical infrastructures: A comprehensive review from multidimensional aspects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 404(C).
    9. Mahshid Javidsharifi & Hamoun Pourroshanfekr & Tamas Kerekes & Dezso Sera & Sergiu Spataru & Josep M. Guerrero, 2021. "Optimum Sizing of Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems for Powering Green Base Stations in Cellular Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, March.
    10. Hamed Khodayar Sahebi & Siamak Hoseinzadeh & Hossein Ghadamian & Mohammad Hadi Ghasemi & Farbod Esmaeilion & Davide Astiaso Garcia, 2021. "Techno-Economic Analysis and New Design of a Photovoltaic Power Plant by a Direct Radiation Amplification System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-18, October.
    11. Maammeur, H. & Hamidat, A. & Loukarfi, L. & Missoum, M. & Abdeladim, K. & Nacer, T., 2017. "Performance investigation of grid-connected PV systems for family farms: case study of North-West of Algeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1208-1220.
    12. Talaat, M. & Farahat, M.A. & Elkholy, M.H., 2019. "Renewable power integration: Experimental and simulation study to investigate the ability of integrating wave, solar and wind energies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 668-682.
    13. Ali Elkamel, 2018. "Energy Production Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-4, September.
    14. Martínez, Laura V. & Rubiano, Jairo E. & Figueredo, Manuel & Gómez, María F., 2020. "Experimental study on the performance of gasification of corncobs in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier at various conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 1216-1226.
    15. Niranjan Rao Deevela & Tara C. Kandpal & Bhim Singh, 2024. "A review of renewable energy based power supply options for telecom towers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 2897-2964, February.
    16. Banjo A. Aderemi & S. P. Daniel Chowdhury & Thomas O. Olwal & Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz, 2018. "Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Power System for a Mobile Cellular Base Station in Soshanguve, South Africa," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-26, June.
    17. Amro M Elshurafa & Abdel Rahman Muhsen, 2019. "The Upper Limit of Distributed Solar PV Capacity in Riyadh: A GIS-Assisted Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(16), pages 1-20, August.
    18. Zeng, Ziqiang & Nasri, Ehsan & Chini, Abdol & Ries, Robert & Xu, Jiuping, 2015. "A multiple objective decision making model for energy generation portfolio under fuzzy uncertainty: Case study of large scale investor-owned utilities in Florida," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 224-242.
    19. Mohammed H. Alsharif & Jeong Kim & Jin Hong Kim, 2018. "Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-22, June.
    20. Al-Ghandoor, A., 2012. "Analysis of Jordan's industrial energy intensity and potential mitigations of energy and GHGs emissions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(7), pages 4479-4490.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2022:i:1:p:169-:d:1013343. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.