IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i9p3351-d808453.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Characteristics of Wind Resources and Post-Project Evaluation of Wind Farms in Coastal Areas of Zhejiang

Author

Listed:
  • Guangyu Fan

    (School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang SCI-TECH University, Hangzhou 310018, China
    School of Civil Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China)

  • Yanru Wang

    (School of Civil Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
    Key Laboratory of Intelligent Lifeline Protection and Emergency Technology for Resident ATY, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 150080, China)

  • Bo Yang

    (School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang SCI-TECH University, Hangzhou 310018, China)

  • Chuanxiong Zhang

    (Key Laboratory of Intelligent Lifeline Protection and Emergency Technology for Resident ATY, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 150080, China)

  • Bin Fu

    (School of Civil Engineering, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China)

  • Qianqian Qi

    (State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China)

Abstract

As the onshore wind farm technology matures, offshore wind energy has attracted increasing attention. Zhejiang has coastal areas with massive potential for wind resources because of its geographical location. Therefore, understanding the wind resources in these areas can lay a foundation for future development and utilization. On this basis, this study used the measured wind field data of a wind farm along the coast of Zhejiang from March 2014 to February 2015 and from March 2016 to February 2018 to investigate and compare the characteristics of wind energy resources, including average wind speed, Weibull shape and scale factors, wind direction variation, and wind energy density. Then, the capacity coefficient of a wind turbine predicted using the wind farm data was compared with the actual capacity coefficients of two wind turbines in the wind farm in 2019. Results revealed the following observations: The overall variations in the evaluation indicators followed clear patterns over the 3 years. For example, the main wind direction in the same season was the same, and the variations in the monthly average wind speed, the monthly wind power density, and the theoretical capacity factors were highly similar. The time-series data indicated that the difference in the indicators between summer and autumn was significantly larger than that between other seasons, with the maximum difference in monthly average wind speed of 1.46 times and the maximum difference in monthly wind power density of 1.5 times. The comparison results of the capacity coefficient showed that the theoretical and actual capacity coefficients were extremely close when the monthly average wind speed was less than 6 m/s, with the average difference being less than 9%. When the monthly average wind speed was greater than 6 m/s, the proximity between the theoretical and actual capacity coefficients was reduced, with an average difference of more than 9% and a maximum value of 28%. In general, the overall characteristics of wind resources in coastal areas of Zhejiang exhibited similar trends but fluctuated considerably in some months. Wind energy forecasts had significant discrepancies from the actual operation indicators of the wind farm when the wind speed was high.

Suggested Citation

  • Guangyu Fan & Yanru Wang & Bo Yang & Chuanxiong Zhang & Bin Fu & Qianqian Qi, 2022. "Characteristics of Wind Resources and Post-Project Evaluation of Wind Farms in Coastal Areas of Zhejiang," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-18, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:9:p:3351-:d:808453
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3351/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/9/3351/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wen, Yi & Kamranzad, Bahareh & Lin, Pengzhi, 2021. "Assessment of long-term offshore wind energy potential in the south and southeast coasts of China based on a 55-year dataset," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    2. Zhou, Wei & Yang, Hongxing & Fang, Zhaohong, 2006. "Wind power potential and characteristic analysis of the Pearl River Delta region, China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(6), pages 739-753.
    3. Carta, J.A. & Ramírez, P. & Velázquez, S., 2009. "A review of wind speed probability distributions used in wind energy analysis: Case studies in the Canary Islands," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 933-955, June.
    4. Chen, Xinping & Wang, Kaimin & Zhang, Zenghai & Zeng, Yindong & Zhang, Yao & O'Driscoll, Kieran, 2017. "An assessment of wind and wave climate as potential sources of renewable energy in the nearshore Shenzhen coastal zone of the South China Sea," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 789-801.
    5. Li, Jiale & Yu, Xiong (Bill), 2018. "Onshore and offshore wind energy potential assessment near Lake Erie shoreline: A spatial and temporal analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 1092-1107.
    6. Chen, Xinping & Foley, Aoife & Zhang, Zenghai & Wang, Kaimin & O'Driscoll, Kieran, 2020. "An assessment of wind energy potential in the Beibu Gulf considering the energy demands of the Beibu Gulf Economic Rim," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    7. Miao, Haozeyu & Dong, Danhong & Huang, Gang & Hu, Kaiming & Tian, Qun & Gong, Yuanfa, 2020. "Evaluation of Northern Hemisphere surface wind speed and wind power density in multiple reanalysis datasets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    8. Saleh, H. & Abou El-Azm Aly, A. & Abdel-Hady, S., 2012. "Assessment of different methods used to estimate Weibull distribution parameters for wind speed in Zafarana wind farm, Suez Gulf, Egypt," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 710-719.
    9. Carreno-Madinabeitia, Sheila & Ibarra-Berastegi, Gabriel & Sáenz, Jon & Ulazia, Alain, 2021. "Long-term changes in offshore wind power density and wind turbine capacity factor in the Iberian Peninsula (1900–2010)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    10. Sumair, Muhammad & Aized, Tauseef & Aslam Bhutta, Muhammad Mahmood & Siddiqui, Farrukh Arsalan & Tehreem, Layba & Chaudhry, Abduallah, 2022. "Method of Four Moments Mixture-A new approach for parametric estimation of Weibull Probability Distribution for wind potential estimation applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 291-304.
    11. Safari, Bonfils & Gasore, Jimmy, 2010. "A statistical investigation of wind characteristics and wind energy potential based on the Weibull and Rayleigh models in Rwanda," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 2874-2880.
    12. Chang, Tian Pau, 2011. "Performance comparison of six numerical methods in estimating Weibull parameters for wind energy application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 272-282, January.
    13. Sant’Anna de Sousa Gomes, Mateus & Faulstich de Paiva, Jane Maria & Aparecida da Silva Moris, Virgínia & Nunes, Andréa Oliveira, 2019. "Proposal of a methodology to use offshore wind energy on the southeast coast of Brazil," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 327-336.
    14. Deng, Guizhong & Zhang, Zhaoru & Li, Ye & Liu, Hailong & Xu, Wentao & Pan, Yulin, 2020. "Prospective of development of large-scale tidal current turbine array: An example numerical investigation of Zhejiang, China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    15. Li, Yi & Wu, Xiao-Peng & Li, Qiu-Sheng & Tee, Kong Fah, 2018. "Assessment of onshore wind energy potential under different geographical climate conditions in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 498-511.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. He, J.Y. & Chan, P.W. & Li, Q.S. & Lee, C.W., 2022. "Characterizing coastal wind energy resources based on sodar and microwave radiometer observations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    2. Wang, Jianzhou & Huang, Xiaojia & Li, Qiwei & Ma, Xuejiao, 2018. "Comparison of seven methods for determining the optimal statistical distribution parameters: A case study of wind energy assessment in the large-scale wind farms of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 432-448.
    3. He, Junyi & Chan, P.W. & Li, Qiusheng & Lee, C.W., 2020. "Spatiotemporal analysis of offshore wind field characteristics and energy potential in Hong Kong," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    4. Bahrami, Arian & Teimourian, Amir & Okoye, Chiemeka Onyeka & Khosravi, Nima, 2019. "Assessing the feasibility of wind energy as a power source in Turkmenistan; a major opportunity for Central Asia's energy market," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 415-427.
    5. Liang, Yushi & Wu, Chunbing & Ji, Xiaodong & Zhang, Mulan & Li, Yiran & He, Jianjun & Qin, Zhiheng, 2022. "Estimation of the influences of spatiotemporal variations in air density on wind energy assessment in China based on deep neural network," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    6. Katinas, Vladislovas & Gecevicius, Giedrius & Marciukaitis, Mantas, 2018. "An investigation of wind power density distribution at location with low and high wind speeds using statistical model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 442-451.
    7. Chang, Tian-Pau & Ko, Hong-Hsi & Liu, Feng-Jiao & Chen, Pai-Hsun & Chang, Ying-Pin & Liang, Ying-Hsin & Jang, Horng-Yuan & Lin, Tsung-Chi & Chen, Yi-Hwa, 2012. "Fractal dimension of wind speed time series," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 742-749.
    8. Liu, Feng Jiao & Chang, Tian Pau, 2011. "Validity analysis of maximum entropy distribution based on different moment constraints for wind energy assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 1820-1826.
    9. Celik, Ali N. & Kolhe, Mohan, 2013. "Generalized feed-forward based method for wind energy prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 582-588.
    10. Abul Kalam Azad & Mohammad Golam Rasul & Talal Yusaf, 2014. "Statistical Diagnosis of the Best Weibull Methods for Wind Power Assessment for Agricultural Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-30, May.
    11. Belabes, B. & Youcefi, A. & Guerri, O. & Djamai, M. & Kaabeche, A., 2015. "Evaluation of wind energy potential and estimation of cost using wind energy turbines for electricity generation in north of Algeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1245-1255.
    12. Chen, Xinping & Foley, Aoife & Zhang, Zenghai & Wang, Kaimin & O'Driscoll, Kieran, 2020. "An assessment of wind energy potential in the Beibu Gulf considering the energy demands of the Beibu Gulf Economic Rim," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    13. Wen, Yi & Kamranzad, Bahareh & Lin, Pengzhi, 2022. "Joint exploitation potential of offshore wind and wave energy along the south and southeast coasts of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    14. Chang, Tian Pau, 2011. "Estimation of wind energy potential using different probability density functions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1848-1856, May.
    15. Shin, Ju-Young & Ouarda, Taha B.M.J. & Lee, Taesam, 2016. "Heterogeneous mixture distributions for modeling wind speed, application to the UAE," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 40-52.
    16. Liu, Feng-Jiao & Chen, Pai-Hsun & Kuo, Shyi-Shiun & Su, De-Chuan & Chang, Tian-Pau & Yu, Yu-Hua & Lin, Tsung-Chi, 2011. "Wind characterization analysis incorporating genetic algorithm: A case study in Taiwan Strait," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 2611-2619.
    17. Mekalathur B Hemanth Kumar & Saravanan Balasubramaniyan & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, 2019. "Wind Energy Potential Assessment by Weibull Parameter Estimation Using Multiverse Optimization Method: A Case Study of Tirumala Region in India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, June.
    18. Chang, Tian-Pau & Liu, Feng-Jiao & Ko, Hong-Hsi & Cheng, Shih-Ping & Sun, Li-Chung & Kuo, Shye-Chorng, 2014. "Comparative analysis on power curve models of wind turbine generator in estimating capacity factor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 88-95.
    19. Sunoh Kim & Jin Hur, 2020. "Probabilistic Approaches to the Security Analysis of Smart Grid with High Wind Penetration: The Case of Jeju Island’s Power Grids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-13, November.
    20. Jiang, Haiyan & Wang, Jianzhou & Wu, Jie & Geng, Wei, 2017. "Comparison of numerical methods and metaheuristic optimization algorithms for estimating parameters for wind energy potential assessment in low wind regions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 1199-1217.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:9:p:3351-:d:808453. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.