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Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters

Author

Listed:
  • Doyoon Ryu

    (Department of Environmental and Technology Engineering, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeonsan-si 38453, Korea)

  • Jongkeun Lee

    (Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, School of Smart and Green Engineering, College of Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon-si 51140, Korea)

  • Doyong Kim

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Korea)

  • Kyehwan Jang

    (Technical Research Institute, BHI Co., Ltd., Haman-gun 52063, Korea)

  • Jongwook Lee

    (Technical Research Institute, BHI Co., Ltd., Haman-gun 52063, Korea)

  • Daegi Kim

    (Department of Environmental and Technology Engineering, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeonsan-si 38453, Korea)

Abstract

This study explores the effects of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the fuel properties of empty fruit bunches (EFB) by varying the reaction temperatures between the range of 180–300 °C. The improved properties of hydrochars following HTC were achieved by analyzing the changes in the physical and chemical properties of EFB. Moreover, it can save energy during treatment processes, in addition to evaluating the improvement of the biofuel stability based on the equilibrium moisture content and agglomeration. The results showed that the chemical structure of EFB decomposed owing to dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, leading to increased carbon and fixed carbon concentrations in the obtained hydrochar; and thus, an increased calorific value. Hydrochar generated during HTC exhibited chemical properties similar to those of conventional coal fuel. The optimal HTC reaction temperature range was ~230–250 °C. Based on the X-ray fluorescence results, hydrochar produced during HTC had smaller K and Cl contents and a smaller degree of agglomeration than the original sample, indicating that clinker production can be reduced by the HTC of EFB. The results of this study have significance in the utilization of unused waste biomass as an energy source that can replace fossil fuels.

Suggested Citation

  • Doyoon Ryu & Jongkeun Lee & Doyong Kim & Kyehwan Jang & Jongwook Lee & Daegi Kim, 2022. "Enhancement of the Biofuel Characteristics of Empty Fruit Bunches through Hydrothermal Carbonization by Decreasing the Inorganic Matters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:21:p:8154-:d:960072
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hyeok Jin Kim & Chan Park & Rabin Nepal & Sea Cheon Oh, 2021. "Hydrothermal Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunches to Enhance Fuel Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    2. Danny Wei Kit Chin & Steven Lim & Yean Ling Pang & Chun Hsion Lim & Siew Hoong Shuit & Kiat Moon Lee & Cheng Tung Chong, 2021. "Effects of Organic Solvents on the Organosolv Pretreatment of Degraded Empty Fruit Bunch for Fractionation and Lignin Removal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-16, June.
    3. Jongkeun Lee & Sungwan Cho & Daegi Kim & JunHee Ryu & Kwanyong Lee & Haegeun Chung & Ki Young Park, 2021. "Conversion of Slaughterhouse Wastes to Solid Fuel Using Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-10, March.
    4. He, Chao & Giannis, Apostolos & Wang, Jing-Yuan, 2013. "Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: Hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 257-266.
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