IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i5p1359-d508941.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electrochemical Cell Loss Minimization in Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Half-Bridge Modules

Author

Listed:
  • Gianluca Brando

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy)

  • Efstratios Chatzinikolaou

    (Energy and Power Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PA, UK)

  • Dan Rogers

    (Energy and Power Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PA, UK)

  • Ivan Spina

    (Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy)

Abstract

In the developing context of distributed generation and flexible smart grids, in order to realize electrochemical storage systems, Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) represent an interesting alternative to the more traditional Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs). This paper presents a novel analytical investigation of electrochemical cell power losses in MMCs and their dependence on the injected common mode voltage. Steady-state cell losses are calculated under Nearest Level Control (NLC) modulation for MMCs equipped with a large number of half-bridge modules, each directly connected to an elementary electrochemical cell. The total cell losses of both a Single Star MMC (SS-MMC) and a Double Star MMC (DS MMC) are derived and compared to the loss of a VSI working under the same conditions. An optimum common mode voltage injection law is developed, leading to the minimum cell losses possible. In the worst case, it achieves a 17.5% reduction in cell losses compared to conventional injection laws. The analysis is experimentally validated using a laboratory prototype set-up based on a two-arm SS-MMC with 12 modules per arm. The experimental results are within 2.5% of the analytical models for all cases considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Gianluca Brando & Efstratios Chatzinikolaou & Dan Rogers & Ivan Spina, 2021. "Electrochemical Cell Loss Minimization in Modular Multilevel Converters Based on Half-Bridge Modules," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-14, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1359-:d:508941
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1359/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1359/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qian Cheng & Chenchen Wang & Jian Wang, 2020. "Analysis on Displacement Angle of Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM for Modular Multilevel Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-21, December.
    2. Shuren Wang & Fahad Saeed Alsokhiry & Grain Philip Adam, 2020. "Impact of Submodule Faults on the Performance of Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-18, August.
    3. Gianluca Brando & Adolfo Dannier & Ivan Spina & Pietro Tricoli, 2017. "Integrated BMS-MMC Balancing Technique Highlighted by a Novel Space-Vector Based Approach for BEVs Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, October.
    4. Zhe Wang & Hua Lin & Yajun Ma, 2019. "A Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter with Integrated Battery Energy Storage System Based on Battery Side Capacitor Voltage Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, June.
    5. Jinke Li & Jingyuan Yin, 2019. "Fault-Tolerant Control Strategies and Capability without Redundant Sub-Modules in Modular Multilevel Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-21, May.
    6. Waqar Uddin & Kamran Zeb & Muhammad Adil Khan & Muhammad Ishfaq & Imran Khan & Saif ul Islam & Hee-Je Kim & Gwan Soo Park & Cheewoo Lee, 2019. "Control of Output and Circulating Current of Modular Multilevel Converter Using a Sliding Mode Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-22, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jaume Girona-Badia & Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt & Tomàs Lledó-Ponsati & Macià Capó-Lliteras & Carlos Collados-Rodriguez & Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis & Oscar Saborío-Romano & Daniel Montesinos-Miracle & Marc, 2022. "Design, Control and Testing of a Modular Multilevel Converter with a Single Cell per Arm in Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Operations for Scaled-Down Experimental Platforms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-16, March.
    2. Subhashree Choudhury & Mohit Bajaj & Taraprasanna Dash & Salah Kamel & Francisco Jurado, 2021. "Multilevel Inverter: A Survey on Classical and Advanced Topologies, Control Schemes, Applications to Power System and Future Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-48, September.
    3. Songda Wang & Danyang Bao & Gustavo Gontijo & Sanjay Chaudhary & Remus Teodorescu, 2021. "Modeling and Mitigation Control of the Submodule-Capacitor Voltage Ripple of a Modular Multilevel Converter under Unbalanced Grid Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, January.
    4. Phu Cong Nguyen & Quoc Dung Phan & Dinh Tuyen Nguyen, 2022. "A New Decentralized Space Vector PWM Method for Multilevel Single-Phase Full Bridge Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-25, January.
    5. Saman Dadjo Tavakoli & Eduardo Prieto-Araujo & Enric Sánchez-Sánchez & Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, 2020. "Interaction Assessment and Stability Analysis of the MMC-Based VSC-HVDC Link," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-19, April.
    6. Dante Mora & Ciro Núñez & Nancy Visairo & Juan Segundo & Eugenio Camargo, 2019. "Control for Three-Phase LCL-Filter PWM Rectifier with BESS-Oriented Application," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-17, October.
    7. Castilla Manuel V. & Martin Francisco, 2021. "A Powerful Tool for Optimal Control of Energy Systems in Sustainable Buildings: Distortion Power Bivector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, April.
    8. Guilherme V. Hollweg & Shahid A. Khan & Shivam Chaturvedi & Yaoyu Fan & Mengqi Wang & Wencong Su, 2023. "Grid-Connected Converters: A Brief Survey of Topologies, Output Filters, Current Control, and Weak Grids Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-31, April.
    9. Bo-Yu Luo & Ramadhani Kurniawan Subroto & Chang-Zhi Wang & Kuo-Lung Lian, 2022. "An Improved Sliding Mode Control with Integral Surface for a Modular Multilevel Power Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, February.
    10. Habib Benbouhenni & Nicu Bizon, 2021. "Third-Order Sliding Mode Applied to the Direct Field-Oriented Control of the Asynchronous Generator for Variable-Speed Contra-Rotating Wind Turbine Generation Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-20, September.
    11. Roberto Zanasi & Davide Tebaldi, 2021. "Modeling Control and Robustness Assessment of Multilevel Flying-Capacitor Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-40, March.
    12. Mustafa F. Mohammed & Mohammed A. Qasim, 2022. "Single Phase T-Type Multilevel Inverters for Renewable Energy Systems, Topology, Modulation, and Control Techniques: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-24, November.
    13. Kamran Zeb & Tiago Davi Curi Busarello & Saif Ul Islam & Waqar Uddin & Kummara Venkata Guru Raghavendra & Muhammad Adil Khan & Hee-Je Kim, 2020. "Design of Super Twisting Sliding Mode Controller for a Three-Phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic System under Normal and Abnormal Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-21, July.
    14. Jahangeer Badar Soomro & Dileep Kumar & Faheem Akhtar Chachar & Semih Isik & Mohammed Alharbi, 2023. "An Enhanced AC Fault Ride through Scheme for Offshore Wind-Based MMC-HVDC System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-16, June.
    15. Luyun Jiao & Dongyuan Qiu & Bo Zhang & Yanfeng Chen, 2019. "A Hybrid Nine-Arm High-Voltage Inverter with DC-Fault Blocking Capability," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-15, October.
    16. Massimiliano Luna, 2022. "High-Efficiency and High-Performance Power Electronics for Power Grids and Electrical Drives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-6, August.
    17. Xiaolin Wang & Ka Wai Eric Cheng & Yat Chi Fong, 2019. "Zero Current Switching Switched-Capacitors Balancing Circuit for Energy Storage Cell Equalization and Its Associated Hybrid Circuit with Classical Buck-Boost," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-15, July.
    18. Kamran Zeb & Muhammad Saqib Nazir & Iftikhar Ahmad & Waqar Uddin & Hee-Je Kim, 2021. "Control of Transformerless Inverter-Based Two-Stage Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System Using Adaptive-PI and Adaptive Sliding Mode Controllers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, April.
    19. Murthy Priya & Pathipooranam Ponnambalam, 2022. "Circulating Current Control of Phase-Shifted Carrier-Based Modular Multilevel Converter Fed by Fuel Cell Employing Fuzzy Logic Control Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-26, August.
    20. Davide De Simone & Luigi Piegari, 2019. "Integration of Stationary Batteries for Fast Charge EV Charging Stations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-11, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1359-:d:508941. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.