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CFD Study on the Ventilation Effectiveness in a Public Toilet under Three Ventilation Methods

Author

Listed:
  • Zhonghua Zhang

    (National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, New Rural Development Institute of Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Lingjie Zeng

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Huixian Shi

    (National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, New Rural Development Institute of Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Hua Liu

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Wenjun Yin

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Haowen Shen

    (National Engineering Research Center of Protected Agriculture, New Rural Development Institute of Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Libin Yang

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Jun Gao

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Lina Wang

    (Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China)

  • Yalei Zhang

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Xuefei Zhou

    (State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract

The indoor air quality (IAQ) of severely polluted toilets is associated with the transmission of diseases. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and experimental measurements were used to analyze the diffusion characteristics of pollutants. This study investigated the diffusion characteristics and normalized concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide pollutants under three ventilation systems—mixing ventilation (MV), personalized ventilation (PV), and impinging jet ventilation (IJV)—in a public toilet. The mean age of air (MAA) and air exchange efficiency (AEE) were also analyzed in our study. The results show that the MV scheme has a poor removal effect on pollutants compared with PV and IJV. IJV has advantages in reducing the normalized concentration of pollutants and improving the IAQ. Increasing the number of air changes per hour (ACH) may lead to a longer MAA and reduced air exchange efficiency. Choosing an appropriate number of air changes is very important to improve the IAQ in the toilet.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhonghua Zhang & Lingjie Zeng & Huixian Shi & Hua Liu & Wenjun Yin & Haowen Shen & Libin Yang & Jun Gao & Lina Wang & Yalei Zhang & Xuefei Zhou, 2021. "CFD Study on the Ventilation Effectiveness in a Public Toilet under Three Ventilation Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-25, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:24:p:8379-:d:700801
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arman Ameen & Mathias Cehlin & Ulf Larsson & Taghi Karimipanah, 2019. "Experimental Investigation of Ventilation Performance of Different Air Distribution Systems in an Office Environment—Heating Mode," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-13, May.
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    3. Ning, Mao & Mengjie, Song & Mingyin, Chan & Dongmei, Pan & Shiming, Deng, 2016. "Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of air flow field, mean age of air and CO2 distributions inside a bedroom with different heights of conditioned air supply outlet," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 906-915.
    4. Sung-Chin Chung & Yi-Pin Lin & Chun Yang & Chi-Ming Lai, 2019. "Natural Ventilation Effectiveness of Awning Windows in Restrooms in K-12 Public Schools," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-14, June.
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    6. Yi-Pin Lin, 2021. "Natural Ventilation of Toilet Units in K–12 School Restrooms Using CFD," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-16, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Chi, Minghua & Zeng, Xiangguo & Hou, Diya & Wang, Licong & Li, Baochun & Jiang, Hongye, 2025. "A numerical-based evaluation framework for ventilation airflow forms in small office: Energy efficiency, comfort, cleanliness, and anti-infection level," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).

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