IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i19p6407-d651248.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Case Study of Load Matching and Energy Cost for Net-Zero Energy Houses in Korea

Author

Listed:
  • Hee-Won Lim

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea)

  • Ji-Hyeon Kim

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea)

  • Hyeun-Seung Lee

    (Korea Institute of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment, Seoul 05066, Korea)

  • U-Cheul Shin

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Korea)

Abstract

Over the past 20 years, net-zero energy house (NZEH) construction costs have steadily decreased because of many reasons, such as technical progress, energy-saving design obligations, and dramatic cost reductions in renewable energy systems, especially solar power systems. Currently, the costs of NZEH are estimated to be about 5% higher than similar-sized houses. These additional costs are mainly for installing PV systems, which can be offset by energy saving costs. This study assessed energy performance and load matching through remote monitoring systems, and energy costs were analyzed for two-family houses. The two houses were all-electric houses and different in both size and location. A 6 kWp grid-connected PV system and 16 kW air source heat pump for space heating and domestic hot water were equally implemented. After data analysis, 100% of the energies were supplied through the PV system for 3 years, thus achieving net-zero energy. According to the Korean residential electricity tariff system, the annual electricity charges were, on average, between USD 105.1 and USD 121.4 after adding demand charges and value-added tax for import electricity charges. The energy cost reduction rate, compared to the same house without a PV system, was about 95%, and the simple payback period of the 6 kW PV system in NZEH was about 6 years. In addition, the annual load cover factor and supply cover factor as load-match indices between electricity generation and the load were in a range of 0.39–0.49 and 0.37–0.42, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Hee-Won Lim & Ji-Hyeon Kim & Hyeun-Seung Lee & U-Cheul Shin, 2021. "Case Study of Load Matching and Energy Cost for Net-Zero Energy Houses in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-11, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:19:p:6407-:d:651248
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6407/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6407/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Peng, Changhai & Huang, Lu & Liu, Jianxun & Huang, Ying, 2015. "Energy performance evaluation of a marketable net-zero-energy house: Solark I at Solar Decathlon China 2013," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 136-149.
    2. Marszal, Anna Joanna & Heiselberg, Per, 2011. "Life cycle cost analysis of a multi-storey residential Net Zero Energy Building in Denmark," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 5600-5609.
    3. Leckner, Mitchell & Zmeureanu, Radu, 2011. "Life cycle cost and energy analysis of a Net Zero Energy House with solar combisystem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 232-241, January.
    4. Salom, Jaume & Marszal, Anna Joanna & Widén, Joakim & Candanedo, José & Lindberg, Karen Byskov, 2014. "Analysis of load match and grid interaction indicators in net zero energy buildings with simulated and monitored data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 119-131.
    5. Stephan, André & Stephan, Laurent, 2020. "Achieving net zero life cycle primary energy and greenhouse gas emissions apartment buildings in a Mediterranean climate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Piotr Kowalski & Paweł Szałański & Wojciech Cepiński, 2021. "Waste Heat Recovery by Air-to-Water Heat Pump from Exhausted Ventilating Air for Heating of Multi-Family Residential Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-17, November.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sergio Bruno & Maria Dicorato & Massimo La Scala & Roberto Sbrizzai & Pio Alessandro Lombardi & Bartlomiej Arendarski, 2019. "Optimal Sizing and Operation of Electric and Thermal Storage in a Net Zero Multi Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-16, September.
    2. Mohamed, Ayman & Hasan, Ala & Sirén, Kai, 2014. "Fulfillment of net-zero energy building (NZEB) with four metrics in a single family house with different heating alternatives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 385-399.
    3. Huang, Pei & Huang, Gongsheng & Sun, Yongjun, 2018. "A robust design of nearly zero energy building systems considering performance degradation and maintenance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 905-919.
    4. Sokolnikova, P. & Lombardi, P. & Arendarski, B. & Suslov, K. & Pantaleo, A.M. & Kranhold, M. & Komarnicki, P., 2020. "Net-zero multi-energy systems for Siberian rural communities: A methodology to size thermal and electric storage units," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 979-989.
    5. Li, Y. & Arulnathan, V. & Heidari, M.D. & Pelletier, N., 2022. "Design considerations for net zero energy buildings for intensive, confined poultry production: A review of current insights, knowledge gaps, and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    6. Reda, Francesco & Fatima, Zarrin, 2019. "Northern European nearly zero energy building concepts for apartment buildings using integrated solar technologies and dynamic occupancy profile: Focus on Finland and other Northern European countries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 598-617.
    7. Lamnatou, Chr. & Chemisana, D. & Mateus, R. & Almeida, M.G. & Silva, S.M., 2015. "Review and perspectives on Life Cycle Analysis of solar technologies with emphasis on building-integrated solar thermal systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 833-846.
    8. André Stephan & Robert H. Crawford & Victor Bunster & Georgia Warren‐Myers & Sareh Moosavi, 2022. "Towards a multiscale framework for modeling and improving the life cycle environmental performance of built stocks," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 26(4), pages 1195-1217, August.
    9. Li, Hangxin & Wang, Shengwei, 2019. "Coordinated optimal design of zero/low energy buildings and their energy systems based on multi-stage design optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    10. Colclough, Shane & McGrath, Teresa, 2015. "Net energy analysis of a solar combi system with Seasonal Thermal Energy Store," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 611-616.
    11. Tian, Wei & Song, Jitian & Li, Zhanyong & de Wilde, Pieter, 2014. "Bootstrap techniques for sensitivity analysis and model selection in building thermal performance analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 320-328.
    12. Luthander, Rasmus & Nilsson, Annica M. & Widén, Joakim & Åberg, Magnus, 2019. "Graphical analysis of photovoltaic generation and load matching in buildings: A novel way of studying self-consumption and self-sufficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 748-759.
    13. De Boeck, L. & Verbeke, S. & Audenaert, A. & De Mesmaeker, L., 2015. "Improving the energy performance of residential buildings: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 960-975.
    14. Giovani Almeida Dávi & José López de Asiain & Juan Solano & Estefanía Caamaño-Martín & César Bedoya, 2017. "Energy Refurbishment of an Office Building with Hybrid Photovoltaic System and Demand-Side Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-24, August.
    15. Roberta Moschetti & Shabnam Homaei & Ellika Taveres-Cachat & Steinar Grynning, 2022. "Assessing Responsive Building Envelope Designs through Robustness-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Zero-Emission Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-27, February.
    16. Villa-Arrieta, Manuel & Sumper, Andreas, 2019. "Economic evaluation of Nearly Zero Energy Cities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 404-416.
    17. Chai, Jiale & Huang, Pei & Sun, Yongjun, 2019. "Investigations of climate change impacts on net-zero energy building lifecycle performance in typical Chinese climate regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 176-189.
    18. Zhang, Sheng & Huang, Pei & Sun, Yongjun, 2016. "A multi-criterion renewable energy system design optimization for net zero energy buildings under uncertainties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 654-665.
    19. Sommerfeldt, Nelson & Pearce, Joshua M., 2023. "Can grid-tied solar photovoltaics lead to residential heating electrification? A techno-economic case study in the midwestern U.S," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 336(C).
    20. Diakaki, Christina & Grigoroudis, Evangelos & Kolokotsa, Dionyssia, 2013. "Performance study of a multi-objective mathematical programming modelling approach for energy decision-making in buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 534-542.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:19:p:6407-:d:651248. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.