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Biodiesel Production from Reutealis Trisperma Oil Using KOH Impregnated Eggshell as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Author

Listed:
  • Kusmiyati Kusmiyati

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang 50241, Indonesia)

  • Didik Prasetyoko

    (Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Energy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)

  • Siwi Murwani

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammadiyah of University Surakarta, Surakarta 57162, Indonesia)

  • Muthiah Nur Fadhilah

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammadiyah of University Surakarta, Surakarta 57162, Indonesia)

  • Titie Prapti Oetami

    (Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Energy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)

  • Hadiyanto Hadiyanto

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammadiyah of University Surakarta, Surakarta 57162, Indonesia
    School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

  • Widayat Widayat

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, Indonesia)

  • Arief Budiman

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Achmad Roesyadi

    (Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute Teknologi Sepuluh November, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia)

Abstract

This research paper describes the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst (Potassium hydroxide (KOH)-impregnated eggshell) from waste chicken eggshell using the wet impregnation technique. In this experiment, the catalyst was derived from eggshell that was calcined at 800 °C for 5 h. It was impregnated with KOH at various KOH concentrations (10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The best catalyst was obtained by eggshell impregnated with 20% KOH concentration. This result was supported by the analysis of the catalyst characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), which showed that the catalyst contained CaCO 3 and CaOH groups. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) was also used to analyze the types of mineral contained in the catalyst, including calcium, potassium, sulfur, and other impurities. It revealed that the optimum minerals were found in the KOH-impregnated eggshell (20%) catalyst of 94.42% calcium, 5.06% potassium, and a small amount of other impurities. These optimum minerals serve as active sites to increase the biodiesel yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the catalyst samples appear as small, spherical, homogenous, and solid particles. The catalytic activity was investigated by the transesterification of Reutalism trisperma oil in various types of catalyst (KOH-impregnated eggshell, eggshell, and KOH-impregnated CaO), percentages of catalyst loading (weight of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and molar ratios (methanol to oil of 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1) for 60 min at 60 °C. The result indicated the optimum catalyst loading was 5 wt% with an 84.57% biodiesel yield. While the best molar ratio was 12:1 (methanol:oil) with a 97.95% biodiesel yield. The optimum condition was gained using a molar ratio of 12:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, and KOH-impregnated eggshell with a 94% biodiesel yield.

Suggested Citation

  • Kusmiyati Kusmiyati & Didik Prasetyoko & Siwi Murwani & Muthiah Nur Fadhilah & Titie Prapti Oetami & Hadiyanto Hadiyanto & Widayat Widayat & Arief Budiman & Achmad Roesyadi, 2019. "Biodiesel Production from Reutealis Trisperma Oil Using KOH Impregnated Eggshell as a Heterogeneous Catalyst," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-11, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:19:p:3714-:d:271721
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Farooq, Muhammad & Ramli, Anita & Naeem, Abdul, 2015. "Biodiesel production from low FFA waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst derived from chicken bones," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 362-368.
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