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Stages in the Dynamics of Hydrate Formation and Consequences for Design of Experiments for Hydrate Formation in Sediments

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  • Bjørn Kvamme

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Richard B. Coffin

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Jinzhou Zhao

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Na Wei

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Shouwei Zhou

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Qingping Li

    (CNOOC Research Institutes Limited Liability Company, Taiyanggong South Road No.6, Beijing 10027, China)

  • Navid Saeidi

    (Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA)

  • Yu-Chien Chien

    (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA)

  • Derek Dunn-Rankin

    (Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA
    Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3975, USA)

  • Wantong Sun

    (State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Mojdeh Zarifi

    (Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway)

Abstract

Natural gas hydrates in sediments can never reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Every section of any hydrate-filled reservoir is unique and resides in a stationary balance that depends on many factors. Fluxes of hydrocarbons from below support formation of new hydrate, and inflow of water through fracture systems leads to hydrate dissociation. Mineral/fluid/hydrate interaction and geochemistry are some of the many other factors that determine local hydrate saturation in the pores. Even when using real sediments from coring it is impossible to reproduce in the laboratory a natural gas hydrate reservoir which has developed over geological time-scales. In this work we discuss the various stages of hydrate formation, with a focus on dynamic rate limiting processes which can lead to trapped pockets of gas and trapped liquid water inside hydrate. Heterogeneous hydrate nucleation on the interface between liquid water and the phase containing the hydrate former rapidly leads to mass transport limiting films of hydrate. These hydrate films can delay the onset of massive, and visible, hydrate growth by several hours. Heat transport in systems of liquid water and hydrate is orders of magnitude faster than mass transport. We demonstrate that a simple mass transport model is able to predict induction times for selective available experimental data for CO 2 hydrate formation and CH 4 hydrate formation. Another route to hydrate nucleation is towards mineral surfaces. CH 4 cannot adsorb directly but can get trapped in water structures as a secondary adsorption. H 2 S has a significant dipole moment and can adsorb directly on mineral surfaces. The quadropole-moment in CO 2 also plays a significant role in adsorption on minerals. Hydrate that nucleates toward minerals cannot stick to the mineral surfaces so the role of these nucleation sites is to produce hydrate cores for further growth elsewhere in the system. Various ways to overcome these obstacles and create realistic hydrate saturation in laboratory sediment are also discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Bjørn Kvamme & Richard B. Coffin & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Shouwei Zhou & Qingping Li & Navid Saeidi & Yu-Chien Chien & Derek Dunn-Rankin & Wantong Sun & Mojdeh Zarifi, 2019. "Stages in the Dynamics of Hydrate Formation and Consequences for Design of Experiments for Hydrate Formation in Sediments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:17:p:3399-:d:263777
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bjørn Kvamme, 2019. "Enthalpies of Hydrate Formation from Hydrate Formers Dissolved in Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Bjørn Kvamme, 2019. "Environmentally Friendly Production of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Using Carbon Dioxide," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-23, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xueping Chen & Shuaijun Li & Peng Zhang & Wenting Chen & Qingbai Wu & Jing Zhan & Yingmei Wang, 2021. "Promoted Disappearance of CO 2 Hydrate Self-Preservation Effect by Surfactant SDS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-14, June.
    2. Jinze Song & Yuhao Li & Shuai Liu & Youming Xiong & Weixin Pang & Yufa He & Yaxi Mu, 2022. "Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Sand Production Prediction: An Example for a Gas-Hydrate-Bearing Sand Case," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-32, September.
    3. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Navid Saeidi, 2020. "Hydrate—A Mysterious Phase or Just Misunderstood?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.
    4. Alberto Maria Gambelli & Mirko Filipponi & Federico Rossi, 2022. "Sequential Formation of CO 2 Hydrates in a Confined Environment: Description of Phase Equilibrium Boundary, Gas Consumption, Formation Rate and Memory Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-22, July.
    5. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Wantong Sun & Navid Saeidi & Jun Pei & Tatiana Kuznetsova, 2020. "Hydrate Production Philosophy and Thermodynamic Calculations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-34, February.
    6. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Wantong Sun & Mojdeh Zarifi & Navid Saeidi & Shouwei Zhou & Tatiana Kuznetsova & Qingping Li, 2020. "Why Should We Use Residual Thermodynamics for Calculation of Hydrate Phase Transitions?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-30, August.
    7. Na Wei & Wantong Sun & Yingfeng Meng & Jinzhou Zhao & Bjørn Kvamme & Shouwei Zhou & Liehui Zhang & Qingping Li & Yao Zhang & Lin Jiang & Haitao Li & Jun Pei, 2020. "Hydrate Formation and Decomposition Regularities in Offshore Gas Reservoir Production Pipelines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-22, January.
    8. Bjørn Kvamme & Atanas Vasilev, 2023. "Thermodynamic Feasibility of the Black Sea CH 4 Hydrate Replacement by CO 2 Hydrate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-29, January.
    9. Sun, Wantong & Wei, Na & Zhao, Jinzhou & Kvamme, Bjørn & Zhou, Shouwei & Zhang, Liehui & Almenningen, Stian & Kuznetsova, Tatiana & Ersland, Geir & Li, Qingping & Pei, Jun & Li, Cong & Xiong, Chenyang, 2022. "Imitating possible consequences of drilling through marine hydrate reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    10. Bjørn Kvamme & Matthew Clarke, 2021. "Hydrate Phase Transition Kinetic Modeling for Nature and Industry–Where Are We and Where Do We Go?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-47, July.
    11. Liu, Fa-Ping & Li, Ai-Rong & Qing, Sheng-Lan & Luo, Ze-Dong & Ma, Yu-Ling, 2022. "Formation kinetics, mechanism of CO2 hydrate and its applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).

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