IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jecomi/v9y2021i3p104-d593660.html

The Influence of Income and Currency Changes on Tourist Inflow to Norwegian Campsites: The Case of Swedish and German Visitors

Author

Listed:
  • Leiv Opstad

    (NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Randi Hammervold

    (NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Johannes Idsø

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 6856 Sogndal, Norway
    These authors contributed equally to this work.
    Current address: Høgskulen på Vestlandet Campus Sogndal, Røyrgata 6, 6856 Sogndal, Norway.)

Abstract

There are few published articles on the demand for campsites, despite this being an important segment of the tourism industry. The purpose of this study was to gain further understanding of this topic. Using publicly available data over a period of 20 years, income and currency elasticity were estimated for German and Swedish camping tourists by using a natural logarithmic regression model with time series data. The results showed that both income and the exchange rate influenced the number of overnight stays, but the impact was rather small. The income elasticity for Swedish visitors was significant with a value of about 0.5, while it was zero and not significant for German camping tourists. Appreciation of the euro was associated with more visitors from Germany, but the estimated exchange rate elasticity was below 1.0 (and significant). A stronger Swedish currency relative to the Norwegian currency did not appear to have an effect. However, a stronger Swedish exchange rate, measured in euros, had a positive impact on Swedish camping visitors in Norway. The reason might be that more Swedish residents spend holidays abroad, and there is complementarity among the neighboring countries. Such calculations provide useful information for tourist industry planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Leiv Opstad & Randi Hammervold & Johannes Idsø, 2021. "The Influence of Income and Currency Changes on Tourist Inflow to Norwegian Campsites: The Case of Swedish and German Visitors," Economies, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:9:y:2021:i:3:p:104-:d:593660
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/3/104/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/3/104/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:cup:cbooks:9781108422536 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Thomas C. Jensen, 1998. "Income and Price Elasticities by Nationality for Tourists in Denmark," Tourism Economics, , vol. 4(2), pages 101-130, June.
    3. Christian Stettler, 2017. "How do Overnight Stays React to Exchange Rate Changes?," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 153(2), pages 123-165, April.
    4. Marcelino Sanchez-Rivero & Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fernández, 2020. "Global Estimation of the Elasticity of “International Tourist Arrivals/Income from Tourism”," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-16, October.
    5. George Agiomirgianakis & Dimitrios Serenis & Nicholas Tsounis, 2014. "Exchange Rate Volatility and Tourist Flows into Turkey," Journal of Economic Integration, Center for Economic Integration, Sejong University, vol. 29, pages 700-725.
    6. Rice, William L. & Park, So Young & Pan, Bing & Newman, Peter, 2019. "Forecasting campground demand in US national parks," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 424-438.
    7. Brooks,Chris, 2019. "Introductory Econometrics for Finance," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9781108436823.
    8. Song, Haiyan & Qiu, Richard T.R. & Park, Jinah, 2019. "A review of research on tourism demand forecasting," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 338-362.
    9. Andreea Marin-Pantelescu, 2015. "The Perspective of Camping Tourism in Romania," Academic Journal of Economic Studies, Faculty of Finance, Banking and Accountancy Bucharest,"Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University Bucharest, vol. 1(4), pages 45-53, December.
    10. Crouch, Geoffrey I., 1996. "Demand elasticities in international marketing : A meta-analytical application to tourism," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 117-136, June.
    11. Nikeel Kumar & Ronald Ravinesh Kumar, 2020. "Relationship between ICT and international tourism demand: A study of major tourist destinations," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(6), pages 908-925, September.
    12. Norsiah Kadir & Mohd Zaini Abd Karim, 2009. "Demand for Tourism in Malaysia by UK and US Tourists: A Cointegration and Error Correction Model Approach," Springer Books, in: Álvaro Matias & Peter Nijkamp & Manuela Sarmento (ed.), Advances in Tourism Economics, chapter 0, pages 51-70, Springer.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chong Fo Lei & Fusheng Chen & Chia Wei Chu, 2025. "Optimizing SARIMAX Model with Big Data to Predict Gaming Tourism Destination Demand," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Leiv Opstad & Johannes Idso & Robin Valenta, 2021. "The Degree of Profit Persistence in the Tourism Industry: The Case of Norwegian Campsites," International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), vol. 0(4), pages 140-155.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Thierry Messie Pondie & Fabrice Ewolo Bitoto, 2025. "Africa’s paradox: unleashing tourism potential through resource endowment," Mineral Economics, Springer;Raw Materials Group (RMG);Luleå University of Technology, vol. 38(2), pages 377-396, June.
    2. Nikeel N Kumar & Arvind Patel & Rup Singh, 2022. "Modelling tourism competitiveness in small Pacific island countries," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(3), pages 692-713, May.
    3. Eleodor-Alin MIHAI & Corina-Florentina SCARLAT (MIHAI), 2020. "Econometric Models for Quantifying the Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on the Configuration of Banking Assets and Liabilities," Finante - provocarile viitorului (Finance - Challenges of the Future), University of Craiova, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 1(22), pages 64-80, November.
    4. Peter Fuleky & Carl S. Bonham & Qianxue Zhao, 2013. "Estimating Demand Elasticities in Non-Stationary Panels: The Case of Hawaii's Tourism Industry," Working Papers 201314, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Economics.
    5. Dipanita Deb & Philippe Gillet & Philippe Bernard & Anupam De, 2025. "Examining the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Financial Performance of Indian Companies," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 14(4), pages 521-539, August.
    6. Preeti Sharma & Priyanka Panday & R. C. Dangwal, 2020. "Determinants of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) disclosure: a study of Indian companies," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 17(4), pages 208-217, December.
    7. Olatunji A. Shobande & Simplice A. Asongu, 2022. "Searching for Sustainable Footprints: Does ICT increase CO2 emissions?," Journal of Africa SEER Centre(ASC) 22/009, Africa SEER Centre(ASC).
    8. Di Lu & Hongxia Gao & Yonglian Wang & Peng Su, 2025. "How does network infrastructure construction affect household tourism expenditures? An empirical analysis from rural China," Tourism Economics, , vol. 31(2), pages 183-200, March.
    9. Albert Wijeweera & Dimitrios Reppas, 2025. "An Empirical Analysis of Sectoral Export Demand Elasticities and Trade Policies: The Case of India," Foreign Trade Review, , vol. 60(3), pages 347-361, August.
    10. Muhammad Mar’i & Turgut Tursoy, 2021. "Exchange Rate Dependency Between Emerging Countries-Case of Black Sea Countries," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 29(2), pages 43-54.
    11. Khwazi Magubane, 2025. "Is There a Common Financial Cycle in Systemic Economies?," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-31, February.
    12. Gunter, Ulrich & Önder, Irem & Smeral, Egon, 2019. "Scientific value of econometric tourism demand studies," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1-1.
    13. Maaz Ahmad Khan & Ritika Mahajan, 2025. "Barriers and Drivers to CE in Agribusiness: A Systematic Review," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 5(1), pages 51-78, February.
    14. Dutta, Nabamita & Kar, Saibal, 2018. "Relating rule of law and budgetary allocation for tourism: Does per capita income growth make a difference for Indian states?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 263-271.
    15. Evangelos Vasileiou, 2022. "Correction to: Inaccurate Value at Risk Estimations: Bad Modeling or Inappropriate Data?," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 59(3), pages 1173-1173, March.
    16. Muhammad Mar’I & Mehdi Seraj & Turgut Tursoy, 2023. "The Role of Fiscal Policy in G20 Countries in the Context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-16, February.
    17. Yamaka, Woraphon & Zhang, Xuefeng & Maneejuk, Paravee & Ramos, Vicente, 2023. "Asymmetric effects of third-country exchange rate risk: A Markov switching approach," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    18. Milan Christian Wet & Ilse Botha, 2022. "Constructing and Characterising the Aggregate South African Financial Cycle: A Markov Regime-Switching Approach," Journal of Business Cycle Research, Springer;Centre for International Research on Economic Tendency Surveys (CIRET), vol. 18(1), pages 37-67, March.
    19. Victor Chung Alva, 2021. "Modelación de la Volatilidad del Tipo de Cambio del Dólar en el Perú: Aplicación de los Modelos GARCH y EGARCH," Revista de Análisis Económico y Financiero, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, vol. 4(02), pages 07-12.
    20. Guizzardi, Andrea & Mazzocchi, Mario, 2010. "Tourism demand for Italy and the business cycle," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(3), pages 367-377.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:9:y:2021:i:3:p:104-:d:593660. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask MDPI Indexing Manager to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.