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Stereo Visual Odometry and Real-Time Appearance-Based SLAM for Mapping and Localization in Indoor and Outdoor Orchard Environments

Author

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  • Imran Hussain

    (Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)

  • Xiongzhe Han

    (Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
    Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea)

  • Jong-Woo Ha

    (HADA Co., Ltd., 329-34 Eungi-gil, Iksan-si 54569, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Agricultural robots can mitigate labor shortages and advance precision farming. However, the dense vegetation canopies and uneven terrain in orchard environments reduce the reliability of traditional GPS-based localization, thereby reducing navigation accuracy and making autonomous navigation challenging. Moreover, inefficient path planning and an increased risk of collisions affect the robot’s ability to perform tasks such as fruit harvesting, spraying, and monitoring. To address these limitations, this study integrated stereo visual odometry with real-time appearance-based mapping (RTAB-Map)-based simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) to improve mapping and localization in both indoor and outdoor orchard settings. The proposed system leverages stereo image pairs for precise depth estimation while utilizing RTAB-Map’s graph-based SLAM framework with loop-closure detection to ensure global map consistency. In addition, an incorporated inertial measurement unit (IMU) enhances pose estimation, thereby improving localization accuracy. Substantial improvements in both mapping and localization performance over the traditional approach were demonstrated, with an average error of 0.018 m against the ground truth for outdoor mapping and a consistent average error of 0.03 m for indoor trails with a 20.7% reduction in visual odometry trajectory deviation compared to traditional methods. Localization performance remained robust across diverse conditions, with a low RMSE of 0.207 m. Our approach provides critical insights into developing more reliable autonomous navigation systems for agricultural robots.

Suggested Citation

  • Imran Hussain & Xiongzhe Han & Jong-Woo Ha, 2025. "Stereo Visual Odometry and Real-Time Appearance-Based SLAM for Mapping and Localization in Indoor and Outdoor Orchard Environments," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-26, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:15:y:2025:i:8:p:872-:d:1636156
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. E. M. B. M. Karunathilake & Anh Tuan Le & Seong Heo & Yong Suk Chung & Sheikh Mansoor, 2023. "The Path to Smart Farming: Innovations and Opportunities in Precision Agriculture," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-26, August.
    2. Suprava Chakraborty & Devaraj Elangovan & Padma Lakshmi Govindarajan & Mohamed F. ELnaggar & Mohammed M. Alrashed & Salah Kamel, 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of Path Planning for Agricultural Ground Robots," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
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