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Strong effects of home-based voluntary HIV counselling and testing on acceptance and equity: A cluster randomised trial in Zambia

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  • Fylkesnes, Knut
  • Sandøy, Ingvild Fossgard
  • Jürgensen, Marte
  • Chipimo, Peter J.
  • Mwangala, Sheila
  • Michelo, Charles

Abstract

Home-based voluntary HIV counselling and testing (HB-VCT) has been reported to have a high uptake, but it has not been rigorously evaluated. We designed a model for HB-VCT appropriate for wider scale-up, and investigated the acceptance of home-based counselling and testing, equity in uptake and negative life events with a cluster-randomized trial. Thirty six rural clusters in southern Zambia were pair-matched based on baseline data and randomly assigned to the intervention or the control arm. Both arms had access to standard HIV testing services. Adults in the intervention clusters were offered HB-VCT by local lay counsellors. Effects were first analysed among those participating in the baseline and post-intervention surveys and then as intention-to-treat analysis. The study was registered with www.controlled-trials.com, number ISRCTN53353725. A total of 836 and 858 adults were assigned to the intervention and control clusters, respectively. In the intervention arm, counselling was accepted by 85% and 66% were tested (n = 686). Among counselled respondents who were cohabiting with the partner, 62% were counselled together with the partner. At follow-up eight months later, the proportion of adults reporting to have been tested the year prior to follow-up was 82% in the intervention arm and 52% in the control arm (Relative Risk (RR) 1.6, 95% CI 1.4–1.8), whereas the RR was 1.7 (1.4–2.0) according to the intention-to-treat analysis. At baseline the likelihood of being tested was higher for women vs. men and for more educated people. At follow-up these differences were found only in the control communities. Measured negative life events following HIV testing were similar in both groups. In conclusion, this HB-VCT model was found to be feasible, with a very high acceptance and to have important equity effects. The high couple counselling acceptance suggests that the home-based approach has a particularly high HIV prevention potential.

Suggested Citation

  • Fylkesnes, Knut & Sandøy, Ingvild Fossgard & Jürgensen, Marte & Chipimo, Peter J. & Mwangala, Sheila & Michelo, Charles, 2013. "Strong effects of home-based voluntary HIV counselling and testing on acceptance and equity: A cluster randomised trial in Zambia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 9-16.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:86:y:2013:i:c:p:9-16
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.036
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    1. Elizabeth L Corbett & Ethel Dauya & Ronnie Matambo & Yin Bun Cheung & Beauty Makamure & Mary T Bassett & Steven Chandiwana & Shungu Munyati & Peter R Mason & Anthony E Butterworth & Peter Godfrey-Faus, 2006. "Uptake of Workplace HIV Counselling and Testing: A Cluster-Randomised Trial in Zimbabwe," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(7), pages 1-1, July.
    2. Angotti, Nicole & Bula, Agatha & Gaydosh, Lauren & Kimchi, Eitan Zeev & Thornton, Rebecca L. & Yeatman, Sara E., 2009. "Increasing the acceptability of HIV counseling and testing with three C's: Convenience, confidentiality and credibility," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 68(12), pages 2263-2270, June.
    3. Elliot Marseille & James Kahn & Christian Pitter & Rebecca Bunnell & William Epalatai & Emmanuel Jawe & Willy Were & Jonathan Mermin, 2009. "The cost effectiveness of home-based provision of antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda," Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, Springer, vol. 7(4), pages 229-243, December.
    4. Peter Glick & David Sahn, 2007. "Changes in HIV/AIDS knowledge and testing behavior in Africa: how much and for whom?," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 20(2), pages 383-422, April.
    5. Sue J Goldie & Steve Sweet & Natalie Carvalho & Uma Chandra Mouli Natchu & Delphine Hu, 2010. "Alternative Strategies to Reduce Maternal Mortality in India: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(4), pages 1-1, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. World Bank, 2015. "Zambias HIV Response," World Bank Publications - Reports 22080, The World Bank Group.
    2. Jürgensen, Marte & Sandøy, Ingvild F. & Michelo, Charles & Fylkesnes, Knut & Mwangala, Sheila & Blystad, Astrid, 2013. "The seven Cs of the high acceptability of home-based VCT: Results from a mixed methods approach in Zambia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 210-219.
    3. Dominic Bukenya & Janet Seeley & Grace Tumwekwase & Elizabeth Kabunga & Eugene Ruzagira, 2020. "How Follow-Up Counselling Increases Linkage to Care Among HIV-Positive Persons Identified Through Home-Based HIV Counselling and Testing: A Qualitative Study in Uganda," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(1), pages 21582440199, January.

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