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Confounding of occupation and smoking: Its magnitude and consequences

Author

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  • Smith, George Davey
  • Shipley, Martin J.

Abstract

In a recent contribution to this journal, Sterling and Weinkam discuss the importance of the confounding of occupation and smoking when considering the contribution of smoking to mortality risk. In this report we provide estimates of the potential magnitude of this effect using data from a cohort study. It is shown that failing to consider possible confounding by socio-economic factors can lead to over-estimating of the strength of the relationship between smoking and mortality. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of results derived from observational studies are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Smith, George Davey & Shipley, Martin J., 1991. "Confounding of occupation and smoking: Its magnitude and consequences," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 32(11), pages 1297-1300, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:32:y:1991:i:11:p:1297-1300
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Jerome Adda & Valérie Lechene, 2004. "On the identification of the effect of smoking on mortality," CeMMAP working papers 13/04, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    2. Stephen Birch, 2010. "I dreamed a dream: England reduces health inequalities and wins the world cup," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(8), pages 881-885, August.
    3. Carbone, Jared & Kverndokk, Snorre & Røgeberg, Ole-Jørgen, 2009. "Smoking and Health Investments: Impacts of Health Adaptation and Damage Reversibility," HERO Online Working Paper Series 2003:12, University of Oslo, Health Economics Research Programme.
    4. Birch, Stephen & Jerrett, Michael & Wilson, Kathi & Law, Michael & Elliott, Susan & Eyles, John, 2005. "Heterogeneities in the production of health: smoking, health status and place," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(3), pages 301-310, June.
    5. Laura Krause & Thomas Lampert, 2015. "Relation between Overweight/Obesity and Self-Rated Health Among Adolescents in Germany. Do Socio-Economic Status and Type of School Have an Impact on That Relation?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-15, February.
    6. Minet Kinge, Jonas & Morris, Stephen, 2010. "Socioeconomic variation in the impact of obesity on health-related quality of life," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 71(10), pages 1864-1871, November.
    7. Kinge, Jonas Minet & Morris, Stephen, 2014. "Variation in the relationship between BMI and survival by socioeconomic status in Great Britain," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 12(C), pages 67-82.
    8. Carbone, Jared C. & Kverndokk, Snorre & Rogeberg, Ole Jorgen, 2005. "Smoking, health, risk, and perception," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 631-653, July.
    9. Charafeddine, Rana & Van Oyen, Herman & Demarest, Stefaan, 2012. "Does the association between smoking and mortality differ by educational level?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(9), pages 1402-1406.

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