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Distressed or not distressed? A mixed methods examination of reactions to weight stigma and implications for emotional wellbeing and internalized weight bias

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  • Pudney, Ellen V.
  • Himmelstein, Mary S.
  • Puhl, Rebecca M.
  • Foster, Gary D.

Abstract

People react to, and are affected by, stigmatizing experiences in different ways. The current study examined different reactions to weight stigma to identify who may be vulnerable to lasting distress from these experiences. Using a mixed methods approach, this study compared qualitative descriptions of reactions to experiences of weight stigma in conjunction with quantitative measures of weight bias internalization (WBI) and other health indices. Data were collected from September 2017 to August 2018. Participants were U.S. adults enrolled in a commercial weight management program (n = 425, 96% female) who reported previous experiences of weight stigma (on quantitative measures), and who also qualitatively described feeling either no longer distressed (n = 178) or still distressed (n = 247) by those experiences. Qualitative analyses revealed that participants who were no longer distressed engaged in self-acceptance, were not concerned about other's evaluations of them, and prioritized health rather than appearance. Those who were still distressed from previous weight stigma experiences considered their body weight, and being stigmatized for it, as playing a prominent role in shaping their self-perception, they blamed themselves for experiencing the consequences of weight stigma, and ruminated on their memories of stigmatizing experiences. Hierarchical regressions demonstrated that participants who were still distressed reported greater WBI, greater perceived stress, and poorer mental health than participants who were no longer distressed. When adding WBI to the model predicting perceived stress, differences between participants who were no longer distressed versus still distressed attenuated and became statistically insignificant, suggesting that these qualitative reaction patterns to stigma may be related to participants' level of WBI. Given that some people may experience longer term distress from weight stigma than others, this study can inform interventions aimed to prevent or mitigate the negative consequences associated with being stigmatized.

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  • Pudney, Ellen V. & Himmelstein, Mary S. & Puhl, Rebecca M. & Foster, Gary D., 2020. "Distressed or not distressed? A mixed methods examination of reactions to weight stigma and implications for emotional wellbeing and internalized weight bias," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:249:y:2020:i:c:s0277953620300733
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112854
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    1. Lewis, Sophie & Thomas, Samantha L. & Blood, R. Warwick & Castle, David J. & Hyde, Jim & Komesaroff, Paul A., 2011. "How do obese individuals perceive and respond to the different types of obesity stigma that they encounter in their daily lives? A qualitative study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 73(9), pages 1349-1356.
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    3. Rice, Whitney S. & Logie, Carmen H. & Napoles, Tessa M. & Walcott, Melonie & Batchelder, Abigail W. & Kempf, Mirjam-Colette & Wingood, Gina M. & Konkle-Parker, Deborah J. & Turan, Bulent & Wilson, Tra, 2018. "Perceptions of intersectional stigma among diverse women living with HIV in the United States," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 9-17.
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    1. Standen, Erin C. & Rothman, Alexander J. & Mann, Traci, 2024. "Consequences of receiving weight-related advice from a healthcare provider: Understanding the varied experiences of people with higher weight," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 347(C).
    2. Wetzel, Karen E. & Himmelstein, Mary S. & Ciesla, Jeffrey A., 2025. "Bracing for impact: An intensive longitudinal investigation of weight stigma, vigilant coping, and maladaptive eating," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).

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