IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v210y2025ics1364032124008827.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Hydrothermal liquefaction as a treatment technology for anaerobic digestate: A review

Author

Listed:
  • Klüpfel, Christian
  • Yuan, Bomin
  • Biller, Patrick
  • Herklotz, Benjamin

Abstract

Digestate, the side-product of anaerobic digestion (AD), poses both an environmental and economic problem. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is discussed as a potential process to treat this waste biomass and yield valuable products, e. g. biocrude. This review outlines the state of the art of digestate treatment and assesses the state of knowledge concerning the HTL of digestate. Options for process integration and synergies in the framework of the proposed biorefinery concept consisting of HTL and AD are discussed. Optimum biocrude yield in the reviewed literature is usually achieved in the range of 300–350 °C and 15–30 min. Feedstock composition varies depending on origin of the digestate. Product characterisation elucidates phenols, fatty acids, and N-heterocycles in the biocrude and significant nutrient load in the hydrochar. Further research should address feedstock dependency, aqueous phase treatment and hydrochar utilisation to develop the process towards large scale application.

Suggested Citation

  • Klüpfel, Christian & Yuan, Bomin & Biller, Patrick & Herklotz, Benjamin, 2025. "Hydrothermal liquefaction as a treatment technology for anaerobic digestate: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:210:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124008827
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115156
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032124008827
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115156?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Malhotra, Milan & Aboudi, Kaoutar & Pisharody, Lakshmi & Singh, Ayush & Banu, J. Rajesh & Bhatia, Shashi Kant & Varjani, Sunita & Kumar, Sunil & González-Fernández, Cristina & Kumar, Sumant & Singh, R, 2022. "Biorefinery of anaerobic digestate in a circular bioeconomy: Opportunities, challenges and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    2. Md Tahmid Islam & Al Ibtida Sultana & Cadianne Chambers & Swarna Saha & Nepu Saha & Kawnish Kirtania & M. Toufiq Reza, 2022. "Recent Progress on Emerging Applications of Hydrochar," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-45, December.
    3. Qian, Lili & Wang, Shuzhong & Savage, Phillip E., 2020. "Fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of sludge at different severities: Reaction products, pathways, and kinetics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    4. Robert Czubaszek & Agnieszka Wysocka-Czubaszek & Piotr Banaszuk, 2022. "Importance of Feedstock in a Small-Scale Agricultural Biogas Plant," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Aragón-Briceño, C. & Ross, A.B. & Camargo-Valero, M.A., 2017. "Evaluation and comparison of product yields and bio-methane potential in sewage digestate following hydrothermal treatment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 1357-1369.
    6. Guo, Yang & Yeh, Thomas & Song, Wenhan & Xu, Donghai & Wang, Shuzhong, 2015. "A review of bio-oil production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 776-790.
    7. Daniele Castello & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2018. "Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-35, November.
    8. Gollakota, A.R.K. & Kishore, Nanda & Gu, Sai, 2018. "A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1378-1392.
    9. Hu, Ying & Hu, Mei & Jiang, Haiwei & Yu, Pengxin & Yang, Weiran, 2023. "Co-liquefaction of livestock manure and food waste: Synergistic effects and product combustion performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    10. Kiran R. Parmar & Andrew B. Ross, 2019. "Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation with Anaerobic Digestion; Opportunities for Valorisation of Digestate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-17, April.
    11. Ayaz A. Shah & Saqib S. Toor & Tahir H. Seehar & Rasmus S. Nielsen & Asbjørn H. Nielsen & Thomas H. Pedersen & Lasse A. Rosendahl, 2020. "Bio-Crude Production through Aqueous Phase Recycling of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, January.
    12. Dimitriadis, Athanasios & Bezergianni, Stella, 2017. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of various biomass and waste feedstocks for biocrude production: A state of the art review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 113-125.
    13. Ayaz Ali Shah & Saqib Sohail Toor & Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2021. "Bio-Crude Production through Recycling of Pretreated Aqueous Phase via Activated Carbon," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, June.
    14. Wu, Di & Li, Lei & Zhao, Xiaofei & Peng, Yun & Yang, Pingjin & Peng, Xuya, 2019. "Anaerobic digestion: A review on process monitoring," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 1-12.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ayaz Ali Shah & Saqib Sohail Toor & Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen & Thomas Helmer Pedersen & Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl, 2021. "Bio-Crude Production through Recycling of Pretreated Aqueous Phase via Activated Carbon," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-20, June.
    2. Kamaldeep Sharma & Ayaz A. Shah & Saqib S. Toor & Tahir H. Seehar & Thomas H. Pedersen & Lasse A. Rosendahl, 2021. "Co-Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Supercritical Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Tahir H. Seehar & Saqib S. Toor & Ayaz A. Shah & Thomas H. Pedersen & Lasse A. Rosendahl, 2020. "Biocrude Production from Wheat Straw at Sub and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Sapillado, Gilda & Zhang, Yuanhui & Summers, Sabrina & Ribeiro, Rogers & Tommaso, Giovana, 2024. "Energy recovery of residual yeast via hydrothermal liquefaction with multi-cycle reuse of the post-HTL wastewater and subsequent anaerobic digestion," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    5. Gu, X. & Martinez-Fernandez, J.S. & Pang, N. & Fu, X. & Chen, S., 2020. "Recent development of hydrothermal liquefaction for algal biorefinery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 121(C).
    6. Shahbeik, Hossein & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Dehhaghi, Mona & Guillemin, Gilles J. & Fallahi, Alireza & Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Amiri, Hamid & Rehan, Mohammad & Raikwar, Deepak & Latine, , 2024. "Biomass to biofuels using hydrothermal liquefaction: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    7. Li, Shuyun & Jiang, Yuan & Snowden-Swan, Lesley J. & Askander, Jalal A. & Schmidt, Andrew J. & Billing, Justin M., 2021. "Techno-economic uncertainty analysis of wet waste-to-biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    8. Gupta, Diya Sen & Acharya, Sneha & Kishore, Nanda, 2025. "Non-catalytic hydrosolvolysis of Delonix regia biomass waste and analysis of products," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    9. Sharma, Nishesh & Jaiswal, Krishna Kumar & Kumar, Vinod & Vlaskin, Mikhail S. & Nanda, Manisha & Rautela, Indra & Tomar, Mahipal Singh & Ahmad, Waseem, 2021. "Effect of catalyst and temperature on the quality and productivity of HTL bio-oil from microalgae: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 810-822.
    10. Pietro Romano & Nicola Stampone & Gabriele Di Giacomo, 2023. "Evolution and Prospects of Hydrothermal Carbonization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-11, March.
    11. Xu, Donghai & Lin, Guike & Guo, Shuwei & Wang, Shuzhong & Guo, Yang & Jing, Zefeng, 2018. "Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of algae and upgrading of biocrude: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 103-118.
    12. Savvas L. Douvartzides & Nikolaos D. Charisiou & Kyriakos N. Papageridis & Maria A. Goula, 2019. "Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies, Catalytic Research, Fuel Properties and Performance in Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-41, February.
    13. Gollakota, A.R.K. & Kishore, Nanda & Gu, Sai, 2018. "A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1378-1392.
    14. Mei Yin Ong & Saifuddin Nomanbhay, 2022. "Optimization Study on Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Malaysian Macroalgae Chaetomorpha sp. for Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-22, May.
    15. Ankit Mathanker & Snehlata Das & Deepak Pudasainee & Monir Khan & Amit Kumar & Rajender Gupta, 2021. "A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass for Biofuels Production with a Special Focus on the Effect of Process Parameters, Co-Solvents, and Extraction Solvents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-60, August.
    16. Galadima, Ahmad & Muraza, Oki, 2018. "Hydrothermal liquefaction of algae and bio-oil upgrading into liquid fuels: Role of heterogeneous catalysts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1037-1048.
    17. Jogi, Ramakrishna & Samikannu, Ajaikumar & Mäki-Arvela, Päivi & Virtanen, Pasi & Hemming, Jarl & Smeds, Annika & Mukesh, Chandrakant & Lestander, Torbjörn A. & Xu, Chunlin & Mikkola, Jyri-Pekka, 2024. "Liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass into phenolic monomers and dimers over multifunctional Pd/NbOPO4 catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    18. Nikolaos Montesantos & Marco Maschietti, 2020. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lignocellulosic Bio-Oils: The Potential of Fuel Upgrading and Chemical Recovery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-35, April.
    19. Yu, Jie & Lin, Xiaoyu & Huang, Jingchen & Ye, Wangfang & Lan, Qian & Du, Shaorong & Liu, Zilin & Wu, Yijing & Zhao, Zeyuan & Xu, Xin & Yang, Guifang & Changotra, Rahil & Hu, Yulin & Wu, Yulong & Yan, , 2023. "Recent advances in the production processes of hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude and aid-in investigation techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    20. Dylan J. Cronin & Senthil Subramaniam & Casper Brady & Alan Cooper & Zhibin Yang & Joshua Heyne & Corinne Drennan & Karthikeyan K. Ramasamy & Michael R. Thorson, 2022. "Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Wastes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:210:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124008827. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.