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Renewable hot dry rock geothermal energy source and its potential in Pakistan

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  • Zaigham, Nayyer Alam
  • Nayyar, Zeeshan Alam

Abstract

Geothermal energy source, one of the viable renewable energy sources, has encouraging potential to generate full base-load electricity, which has not been explored so far in Pakistan. Though the country can be benefited by harnessing the hydro-geothermal options of energy generation in areas where sources exist, but most of these sources lie in extreme remote and inaccessible rugged mountainous ranges away from the urban-industrial centers. On the other hand, the present study shows that the HDR geothermal option is one of the most viable renewable sources considering the tectonic setup of Pakistan. Results of the study highlight the HDR geothermal energy prospects at relatively deeper depths than hydro-geothermal resources in water-free condition. The basement tectonic analyses reveal that the HDR prospects could be found even just below the urban-industrial centers of Pakistan where there are no hot springs and/or geysers like southern Indus basin in Sindh province or the Kharan trough in the western Balochistan province. Presence of high earth-skin temperature gradient trends derived from satellite temperature data and the high geothermal gradient anomalous zone derived from scanty data of bottom-hole temperatures of some of the oil and gas exploratory wells, indicates encouraging prospects for HDR energy sources in southern Indus and Thar Desert regions inclusive of Karachi synclinorium area. These high geothermal gradients have been inferred to be the result of the deep-seated southern Indus and the Thar fossil-rift structures. Moreover, the prospects of the HDR geothermal energy sources have also been inferred in the Chagai Arc region and the Kharan-Panjgur tectonic depression in the western part of Pakistan based on the analysis of integrated geophysical data. If HDR prospects are developed, they can offer the sustainable, CO2-free and independent of time, of day, of weather or season, and the base-load energy-generation resource.

Suggested Citation

  • Zaigham, Nayyer Alam & Nayyar, Zeeshan Alam, 2010. "Renewable hot dry rock geothermal energy source and its potential in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 1124-1129, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:14:y:2010:i:3:p:1124-1129
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alam Zaigham, Nayyer & Alam Nayyar, Zeeshan & Hisamuddin, Noushaba, 2009. "Review of geothermal energy resources in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(1), pages 223-232, January.
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    1. Wajahat Ullah Khan Tareen & Zuha Anjum & Nabila Yasin & Leenah Siddiqui & Ifzana Farhat & Suheel Abdullah Malik & Saad Mekhilef & Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian & Ben Horan & Mohamed Darwish & Muhammad Aamir &, 2018. "The Prospective Non-Conventional Alternate and Renewable Energy Sources in Pakistan—A Focus on Biomass Energy for Power Generation, Transportation, and Industrial Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-49, September.
    2. Rasool, Samma Faiz & Chin, Tachia & Wang, Mansi & Asghar, Ali & Khan, Anwar & Zhou, Li, 2022. "Exploring the role of organizational support, and critical success factors on renewable energy projects of Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    3. Trumpy, Eugenio & Bertani, Ruggero & Manzella, Adele & Sander, Marietta, 2015. "The web-oriented framework of the world geothermal production database: A business intelligence platform for wide data distribution and analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 379-389.
    4. Nayyar, Zeeshan Alam & Zaigham, Nayyer Alam & Qadeer, Abdul, 2014. "Assessment of present conventional and non-conventional energy scenario of Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 543-553.
    5. Leezna Saleem & Imran Ahmad Siddiqui & Intikhab Ulfat, 2021. "The prioritization of renewable energy technologies in Pakistan: An urgent need," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2021(1), pages 81-103.
    6. Raza, Rizwan & Akram, Nadeem & Javed, Muhammad Sufyan & Rafique, Asia & Ullah, Kaleem & Ali, Amjad & Saleem, M. & Ahmed, Riaz, 2016. "Fuel cell technology for sustainable development in Pakistan – An over-view," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 450-461.
    7. Ahmed, Saeed & Mahmood, Anzar & Hasan, Ahmad & Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad Sardar & Butt, Muhammad Fasih Uddin, 2016. "A comparative review of China, India and Pakistan renewable energy sectors and sharing opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 216-225.
    8. Abbas, Tauqeer & Ahmed Bazmi, Aqeel & Waheed Bhutto, Abdul & Zahedi, Gholamreza, 2014. "Greener energy: Issues and challenges for Pakistan-geothermal energy prospective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 258-269.
    9. Shaikh, Faheemullah & Ji, Qiang & Fan, Ying, 2015. "The diagnosis of an electricity crisis and alternative energy development in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1172-1185.
    10. Mahmood, Anzar & Javaid, Nadeem & Zafar, Adnan & Ali Riaz, Raja & Ahmed, Saeed & Razzaq, Sohail, 2014. "Pakistan's overall energy potential assessment, comparison of LNG, TAPI and IPI gas projects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 182-193.
    11. Ma, Yuanyuan & Li, Shibin & Zhang, Ligang & Liu, Songze & Liu, Zhaoyi & Li, Hao & Shi, Erxiu, 2020. "Study on the effect of well layout schemes and fracture parameters on the heat extraction performance of enhanced geothermal system in fractured reservoir," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    12. Gondal, Irfan Ahmad & Masood, Syed Athar & Amjad, Muhammad, 2017. "Review of geothermal energy development efforts in Pakistan and way forward," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 687-696.
    13. Asif Mehmood & Jun Yao & Dongyan Fan & Kelvin Bongole & Junrong Liu & Xu Zhang, 2019. "Potential for heat production by retrofitting abandoned gas wells into geothermal wells," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(8), pages 1-19, August.

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