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A state of the art review on the cultivation of algae for energy and other valuable products: Application, challenges, and opportunities

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  • Kumar, B. Ramesh
  • Mathimani, Thangavel
  • Sudhakar, M.P.
  • Rajendran, Karthik
  • Nizami, Abdul-Sattar
  • Brindhadevi, Kathirvel
  • Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan

Abstract

Algae have long been investigated as a plausible reserve of several biofuel and bioactive compounds attributed to their fast-growing characteristics, shorter doubling time, and capability of accumulating lipids. Compounds extracted from algae are being studied in various sectors namely, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, cancer biology, nanoscience, food industry, etc. In view of the rich potentials of algae, this present review is aimed to highlight the significance of different cultivation aspects of microalgae like open pond and photobioreactor and advantages and disadvantages thereof. This state-of-the-art review provides the limitations of energy (biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, biomethane) products obtained from the algae in a perspective of shifting lab-scale into a field scale. In addition to the cultivation systems and biofuels, several non-energy products or value-added products obtained from algae were critically compared and presented. Data from plethora literatures discussing the advanced methods for the extraction of omega-3, omega-6 fatty acids, vitamins and nanoparticles from algae have been discussed extensively. Further, bioactive compounds extracted from several algal strains were listed. Considering the health benefits, anti-angiogenic, and anti–cancer properties of algal bioactive compounds were described along with other industrial applications. Overall, this comprehensive review will help in understanding status of algal biofuel, cultivation systems, metabolites and their application for the betterment of the human society.

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  • Kumar, B. Ramesh & Mathimani, Thangavel & Sudhakar, M.P. & Rajendran, Karthik & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Brindhadevi, Kathirvel & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan, 2021. "A state of the art review on the cultivation of algae for energy and other valuable products: Application, challenges, and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:138:y:2021:i:c:s1364032120309333
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110649
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    4. Tamás Mizik, 2021. "Economic Aspects and Sustainability of Ethanol Production—A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-25, September.
    5. Abdur Rawoof, Salma Aathika & Kumar, P. Senthil & Vo, Dai-Viet N. & Devaraj, Thiruselvi & Subramanian, Sivanesan, 2021. "Biohythane as a high potential fuel from anaerobic digestion of organic waste: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    6. Lim, Juin Yau & Teng, Sin Yong & How, Bing Shen & Nam, KiJeon & Heo, SungKu & Máša, Vítězslav & Stehlík, Petr & Yoo, Chang Kyoo, 2022. "From microalgae to bioenergy: Identifying optimally integrated biorefinery pathways and harvest scheduling under uncertainties in predicted climate," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    7. Castro, J.S. & Ferreira, J. & Magalhães, I.B. & Jesus Junior, M.M. & Marangon, B.B. & Pereira, A.S.A.P. & Lorentz, J.F. & Gama, R.C.N. & Rodrigues, F.A. & Calijuri, M.L., 2023. "Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis for biofuel and biofertilizer recovery as by-products from microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    8. Mizik, Tamás, 2022. "A bioetanol-termelés gazdasági és fenntarthatósági vetületei [Economic and sustainability aspects of bioethanol production]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(10), pages 1213-1241.
    9. Dahai, He & Zhihong, Yin & Lin, Qin & Yuhong, Li & Lei, Tian & Jiang, Li & Liandong, Zhu, 2024. "The application of magical microalgae in carbon sequestration and emission reduction: Removal mechanisms and potential analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).

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