IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v259y2026ics0960148125027090.html

Backstepping sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic hydrogen production systems

Author

Listed:
  • Zheng, Feiyang
  • Sun, Lin
  • Zhang, Xinman
  • He, Renchu

Abstract

Green hydrogen production systems are crucial for achieving carbon neutrality, and the control performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems significantly affects the efficiency and stability of electrolysis process. This paper proposed a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) optimization strategy based on backstepping sliding mode control (BSMC) method, aimed at enhancing the dynamic response speed and robustness of the PV system. An integrated model of PV array with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is firstly developed to analyze the dynamic characteristics. Subsequently, in order to enhance the disturbance rejection capability of the system and avoid the chattering phenomenon inherent in sliding mode control (SMC), the idea of combining backstepping method with SMC was implemented. Then, the BSMC algorithm was derived in detail and the existence of the sliding surface was rigorously verified. Finally, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach are validated. Compared to the conventional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, the proposed BSMC method maintains a MPPT error below 1.2 % and achieves a 57 % reduction in response time.

Suggested Citation

  • Zheng, Feiyang & Sun, Lin & Zhang, Xinman & He, Renchu, 2026. "Backstepping sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic hydrogen production systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:259:y:2026:i:c:s0960148125027090
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.125045
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148125027090
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2025.125045?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zholtayev, Darkhan & Rubagotti, Matteo & Do, Ton Duc, 2022. "Adaptive super-twisting sliding mode control for maximum power point tracking of PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 877-889.
    2. Karabacak, Murat, 2019. "A new perturb and observe based higher order sliding mode MPPT control of wind turbines eliminating the rotor inertial effect," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 807-827.
    3. Derakhshannia, Mehran & Moosapour, Seyyed Sajjad, 2024. "RBFNN based fixed time sliding mode control for PEMFC air supply system with input delay," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    4. Refaat, Ahmed & Ali, Qays Adnan & Elsakka, Mohamed Mohamed & Elhenawy, Yasser & Majozi, Thokozani & Korovkin, Nikolay V. & Elfar, Medhat Hegazy, 2024. "Extraction of maximum power from PV system based on horse herd optimization MPPT technique under various weather conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    5. Katarzyna Adamiak & Andrzej Bartoszewicz, 2022. "Novel Power-Rate Reaching Law for Quasi-Sliding Mode Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-14, July.
    6. Yousaf, Muhammad Zain & Koondhar, Mohsin Ali & Zaki, Zaki A. & Ahmed, Emad M. & Alaas, Zuhair Muhammed & Mahariq, Ibrahim & Guerrero, Josep M., 2025. "Improved MPPT of solar PV Systems under different Environmental conditions utilizes a Novel Hybrid PSO," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    7. Katarzyna Adamiak & Andrzej Bartoszewicz, 2021. "Reference Trajectory Based Quasi-Sliding Mode with Event-Triggered Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-13, November.
    8. Abolvafaei, Mahnaz & Ganjefar, Soheil, 2019. "Maximum power extraction from a wind turbine using second-order fast terminal sliding mode control," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1437-1446.
    9. Águila-León, Jesús & Vargas-Salgado, Carlos & Díaz-Bello, Dácil & Montagud-Montalvá, Carla, 2024. "Optimizing photovoltaic systems: A meta-optimization approach with GWO-Enhanced PSO algorithm for improving MPPT controllers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    10. Yılmaz, Mehmet & Kaleli, Alirıza & Çorapsız, Muhammed Fatih, 2023. "Machine learning based dynamic super twisting sliding mode controller for increase speed and accuracy of MPPT using real-time data under PSCs," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    11. Karuppasamy, C. & Senthil Kumar, C. & Ganesan, R. & Elamparithi, P., 2025. "Optimizing PID control for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic systems under variable and partial shading conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    12. Girgis, Meena E. & Elkhateeb, Nasr A., 2024. "Enhancing photovoltaic MPPT with P&O algorithm performance based on adaptive PID control using exponential forgetting recursive least squares method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    13. Rizki, H. & Boufounas, E.-M. & El Amrani, A. & El Amraoui, M. & Bejjit, L., 2025. "Differential Evolution algorithm based Double Integral Sliding Mode Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking of a standalone photovoltaic system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    14. Peng, Chao & Xie, Chuan & Zou, Jianxiao & Jiang, Xinyan & Zhu, Yun, 2024. "A feedback linearization sliding mode decoupling and fuzzy anti-surge compensation based coordinated control approach for PEMFC air supply system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PC).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Li, Jishen & Yin, Linfei, 2026. "An interpretable multi-level classification decision-based maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    2. Xiang, Qilin & Xu, Lijie & Yuan, Chengqing, 2026. "A reinforcement learning-based Synergistic Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm for multi-angle shipboard photovoltaic system MPPT under dynamic navigational shading," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    3. Rizki, H. & Boufounas, E.-M. & El Amrani, A. & El Amraoui, M. & Bejjit, L., 2025. "Differential Evolution algorithm based Double Integral Sliding Mode Control for Maximum Power Point Tracking of a standalone photovoltaic system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(C).
    4. Huang, Ming & Ma, Jieming & Wang, Kangshi & Man, Ka Lok & Guan, Sheng-Uei & Zhang, Xue & Qian, Jiye, 2026. "Sensorless beta-particle-filter strategy for optimizing solar trackers under Partial Shading Condition," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PA).
    5. Ibrahim, AL-Wesabi & Al-Shamma'a, Abdullrahman A. & Ameur, Khaled & Hussein Farh, Hassan M. & Mwakipunda, Grant Charles & Mekhilef, Saad & Xu, Jiazhu, 2026. "Rapid indirect self-adaptive P&O technique with enhanced scanning feature for PV systems during complex partial shading with repeatable radiation conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PG).
    6. Yousri, Dalia & Babu, Thanikanti Sudhakar & Pachauri, Rupendra Kumar & Zeineldin, Hatem & El-Saadany, Ehab F., 2024. "A novel argyle puzzle for partial shading effect mitigation with experimental validation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
    7. Mingjun He & Ke Zhou & Yutao Xu & Jinsong Yu & Yangquan Qu & Xiankui Wen, 2025. "An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Scheme for Photovoltaic Systems: Integrating Sparrow Search Algorithm-Optimized Support Vector Regression and Optimal Regulation for Enhancing Precision and Robustness," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-21, June.
    8. Pal, Indra Jeet & Ramana, Vanjari Venkata, 2026. "Integrated perturbation and global peak tracking MPPT approach with pattern detection for PV module," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    9. Mousavi, Yashar & Bevan, Geraint & Kucukdemiral, Ibrahim Beklan & Fekih, Afef, 2022. "Sliding mode control of wind energy conversion systems: Trends and applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    10. Ali Karami-Mollaee & Oscar Barambones, 2025. "Maximum Power Extraction of Photovoltaic Systems Using Dynamic Sliding Mode Control and Sliding Observer," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-19, July.
    11. Chian-Song Chiu & Yu-Ting Chen, 2025. "MPPT-Based Chaotic ABC Algorithm for a Photovoltaic Power System Under Partial Shading Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    12. Wang, Jian-jun & Deng, Yu-cong & Sun, Wen-biao & Zheng, Xiao-bin & Cui, Zheng, 2023. "Maximum power point tracking method based on impedance matching for a micro hydropower generator," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 340(C).
    13. Md Shamim Hossain, Wang Lu, Li Libo, Conteh Alimamy, Ge Qiang*, 2025. "Optimization of MPPT in PV Systems Using Machine Learning Under Partial Shading Conditions," International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology, 50sea, vol. 7(7), pages 338-354, May.
    14. Ghazi A. Ghazi & Hany M. Hasanien & Essam A. Al-Ammar & Rania A. Turky & Wonsuk Ko & Sisam Park & Hyeong-Jin Choi, 2022. "African Vulture Optimization Algorithm-Based PI Controllers for Performance Enhancement of Hybrid Renewable-Energy Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-26, July.
    15. Dali, Ali & Abdelmalek, Samir & Bakdi, Azzeddine & Bettayeb, Maamar, 2021. "A new robust control scheme: Application for MPP tracking of a PMSG-based variable-speed wind turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1021-1034.
    16. Sarkar, Vaskar & Kolakaluri, Vinay Kumar, 2025. "Two-part power referencing for an efficient serially coordinated distributed flexible power point tracking of photovoltaic plants," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C).
    17. Abolvafaei, Mahnaz & Ganjefar, Soheil, 2020. "Maximum power extraction from wind energy system using homotopy singular perturbation and fast terminal sliding mode method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 611-626.
    18. Salah Abbas Taha & Zuhair S. Al-Sagar & Mohammed Abdulla Abdulsada & Mohammed Alruwaili & Moustafa Ahmed Ibrahim, 2025. "Design of an Efficient MPPT Topology Based on a Grey Wolf Optimizer-Particle Swarm Optimization (GWO-PSO) Algorithm for a Grid-Tied Solar Inverter Under Variable Rapid-Change Irradiance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-21, April.
    19. Aslam, Muhammad Shamrooz & Shamrooz, Summera & Bilal, Hazrat & Vasilakos, Athanasios V. & Hayajneh, Mohammad, 2026. "Dynamic event-triggered scheme of T–S fuzzy controller for wind energy plant with dependent membership operator," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PE).
    20. Mahmoud F. Elmorshedy & Umashankar Subramaniam & Jagabar Sathik Mohamed Ali & Dhafer Almakhles, 2023. "Energy Management of Hybrid DC Microgrid with Different Levels of DC Bus Voltage for Various Load Types," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-32, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:259:y:2026:i:c:s0960148125027090. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.