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Biomass-derived phenolics conversion to C10–C13 range fuel precursors over metal ion-exchanged zeolites: Physicochemical characterization of catalysts and process parameter optimization

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  • Afreen, Gul
  • Mittal, Divyank
  • Upadhyayula, Sreedevi

Abstract

Selective formation of C10–C13 range fuel precursors by gas-phase alkylation of m-cresol (a bio-oil product from lignin/lignocellulosic biomass) with iso-propanol (light oxygenates) over highly efficient metal ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts is reported. Zn-HY zeolite exhibited higher catalytic activity as compared to Zn-HZSM5, Zn-HBEA, Zn-HMCM22, and other metal ion-exchanged HY zeolites. The catalytic activity was observed to increase with zinc content in HY, which is attributed to its high Lewis acidity. A comprehensive investigation of important process parameters like reaction temperature (200–300 °C), WHSV (1.68–3.92 h−1), iso-propanol:m-cresol mole ratio (1:1–3:1), and catalyst loading (0.5–1.5 g) is reported and optimized using Design of Experiment (DoE) through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Experimental data was fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis with high determination coefficient (R2) value of 98.65% for conversion of m-cresol and 98.37% for selectivity to thymol. An m-cresol conversion of ∼92% with ∼71% selectivity to thymol was obtained over Zn-HY-III containing 0.99 mmol g−1 zinc at optimal conditions of 250 °C temperature, 2.8 h−1 WHSV, 2:1 reactant mole ratio, and 1 g catalyst loading. This work demonstrates the prevention of carbon fraction loss during hydrodeoxygenation by efficient alkylation of phenolics with oxygenates obtained as major fractions in bio-oil.

Suggested Citation

  • Afreen, Gul & Mittal, Divyank & Upadhyayula, Sreedevi, 2020. "Biomass-derived phenolics conversion to C10–C13 range fuel precursors over metal ion-exchanged zeolites: Physicochemical characterization of catalysts and process parameter optimization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 489-507.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:149:y:2020:i:c:p:489-507
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.064
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sharma, Abhishek & Pareek, Vishnu & Zhang, Dongke, 2015. "Biomass pyrolysis—A review of modelling, process parameters and catalytic studies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 1081-1096.
    2. Goyal, H.B. & Seal, Diptendu & Saxena, R.C., 2008. "Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 504-517, February.
    3. Arun, Naveenji & Sharma, Rajesh V. & Dalai, Ajay K., 2015. "Green diesel synthesis by hydrodeoxygenation of bio-based feedstocks: Strategies for catalyst design and development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 240-255.
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    1. Afreen, G. & Upadhyayula, S., 2021. "Alkylation of phenol and substituted phenols with C1–C4 alcohols/olefins as an upgrading route for bio-oil oxygenates: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).

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