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The impact of protection devices on the availability of low-voltage direct current microgrids

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  • Emmers, Glenn
  • Van Acker, Tom
  • Ravyts, Simon
  • Driesen, Johan

Abstract

This paper presents a method to determine the impact of low-voltage direct current circuit breakers on the availability of the dc bus. Low-voltage direct current is gaining traction in industry, and protection is an important aspect. New circuit breaker technologies are extensively researched, but the impact of the speed of interruption on direct current bus availability has not yet been investigated. This paper demonstrates how to determine the fault clearance probability, which is used to set up state transition diagrams for the feeder states. These state transition diagrams are solved using the semi-Markov process. The solutions of the semi-Markov process are used in the UGO method to determine the availability of the direct current bus. Furthermore, the results depend on the length of the feeder, the capacitance of the direct current bus and the minimum allowed voltage. For feeders with a fault clearance probability lower than 100%, the number of feeders also influences the availability of the direct current bus.

Suggested Citation

  • Emmers, Glenn & Van Acker, Tom & Ravyts, Simon & Driesen, Johan, 2025. "The impact of protection devices on the availability of low-voltage direct current microgrids," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reensy:v:262:y:2025:i:c:s0951832025003916
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2025.111190
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chen, Yefang & Wang, Yilai & Xiao, Hui & Peng, Rui, 2024. "Reliability modeling and optimization of a two-dimensional system considering performance sharing mechanism," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
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    3. Emmers, Glenn & Van Acker, Tom & Driesen, Johan, 2024. "A semi-Markovian approach to evaluate the availability of low voltage direct current systems with integrated battery storage," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    4. dos Santos Neto, Pedro J. & Barros, Tárcio A.S. & Silveira, Joao P.C. & Ruppert Filho, Ernesto & Vasquez, Juan C. & Guerrero, Josep M., 2020. "Power management techniques for grid-connected DC microgrids: A comparative evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    5. Gerber, Daniel L. & Liou, Richard & Brown, Richard, 2019. "Energy-saving opportunities of direct-DC loads in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 274-287.
    6. Hallemans, L. & Ravyts, S. & Govaerts, G. & Fekriasl, S. & Van Tichelen, P. & Driesen, J., 2022. "A stepwise methodology for the design and evaluation of protection strategies in LVDC microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
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