Are the processing facilities safe and secured against cyber threats?

Most processing facilities, including those in the chemical, petrochemical, and mineral industries, aim to operate as cyber-physical systems to achieve higher plant efficiency, productivity, and, in some cases, safety. However, this digital transformation increases the vulnerability of process control systems to cyber-attacks, which can disrupt operations and lead to catastrophic consequences. Traditional approaches often consider cybersecurity solely as an Information Technology (IT) issue, overlooking the critical role of Operational Technology (OT) in managing cyber threats and ensuring plant resilience. This article reviews OT cybersecurity challenges and solutions, culminating in developing a robust OT-specific cybersecurity framework. The proposed framework integrates threat modeling, real-time attack detection, and real-time mitigation to protect physical plant operations while ensuring operational continuity. Unlike existing models, the proposed framework bridges the safety-security gap by combining IT-driven cybersecurity strategies with OT-specific risk management and defense mechanisms. Key features of the framework include layered defense mechanisms, adaptive response strategies, and risk-based prioritization, all of which collectively strengthen resilience against advanced cyber threats. By systematically reviewing current cybersecurity practices and proposing a comprehensive framework, this study further recommends approaches to enhance scalability and practical applicability for advancing cybersecurity in process plant operations. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating IT and OT cybersecurity strategies to ensure industrial safety, security, and uninterrupted operations.