IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/proeco/v185y2017icp139-149.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Equilibrium evolution in a two-echelon supply chain with financially constrained retailers: The impact of equity financing

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Honglin
  • Zhuo, Wenyan
  • Shao, Lusheng

Abstract

This paper considers a two-echelon supply chain that has a supplier and two capital constrained retailers and in which the retailers compete in a Cournot fashion. We study the impact of external financing on the players’ optimal decisions and supply chain performance. We show that as competition intensity increases, the supplier (as the Stackelberg leader) may consider merging with one retailer to avoid double marginalization. Yet, the deselected retailer may utilize external financing to return to the supply chain. We explicitly model the evolution of equilibrium scenarios and identify the conditions under which the supplier may prefer to provide trade credit to only one retailer and the other retailer may use external financing. We also carry out extensive sensitivity analyses with respect to a retailer’s capital structure and the retailer’s competition intensity.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Honglin & Zhuo, Wenyan & Shao, Lusheng, 2017. "Equilibrium evolution in a two-echelon supply chain with financially constrained retailers: The impact of equity financing," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 185(C), pages 139-149.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:185:y:2017:i:c:p:139-149
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12.027
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527316304078
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.12.027?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Seifert, Daniel & Seifert, Ralf W. & Protopappa-Sieke, Margarita, 2013. "A review of trade credit literature: Opportunities for research in operations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 231(2), pages 245-256.
    2. Brander, James A. & Lewis, Tracy R., 1986. "Oligopoly and Financial Structure: The Limited Liability Effect," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(5), pages 956-970, December.
    3. Yang, Shan-Lin & Zhou, Yong-Wu, 2006. "Two-echelon supply chain models: Considering duopolistic retailers' different competitive behaviors," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(1), pages 104-116, September.
    4. Jin, Yannan & Wang, Sujuan & Hu, Qiying, 2015. "Contract type and decision right of sales promotion in supply chain management with a capital constrained retailer," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 240(2), pages 415-424.
    5. Joseph J. Spengler, 1950. "Vertical Integration and Antitrust Policy," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 58(4), pages 347-347.
    6. Yang, Shuai & Hong, Ki-sung & Lee, Chulung, 2014. "Supply chain coordination with stock-dependent demand rate and credit incentives," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 105-111.
    7. Wu, Cheng-Han & Chen, Chieh-Wan & Hsieh, Chung-Chi, 2012. "Competitive pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain with horizontal and vertical competition," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(1), pages 265-274.
    8. Fang, Yaner & Shou, Biying, 2015. "Managing supply uncertainty under supply chain Cournot competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 243(1), pages 156-176.
    9. Chen, Xiangfeng, 2015. "A model of trade credit in a capital-constrained distribution channel," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 347-357.
    10. Xu, Xiaoyan & Cheng, Xiaoying & Sun, Yanhong, 2015. "Coordination contracts for outsourcing supply chain with financial constraint," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 134-142.
    11. Wang, Wei & Li, Gang & Cheng, T.C.E., 2016. "Channel selection in a supply chain with a multi-channel retailer: The role of channel operating costs," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 54-65.
    12. Zhang, Qinhong & Dong, Ming & Luo, Jianwen & Segerstedt, Anders, 2014. "Supply chain coordination with trade credit and quantity discount incorporating default risk," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 352-360.
    13. Huang, Yung-Fu, 2007. "Economic order quantity under conditionally permissible delay in payments," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 176(2), pages 911-924, January.
    14. Taleizadeh, Ata Allah & Pentico, David W. & Saeed Jabalameli, Mohammad & Aryanezhad, Mirbahador, 2013. "An EOQ model with partial delayed payment and partial backordering," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 354-368.
    15. Arya, Anil & Mittendorf, Brian & Sappington, David E.M., 2008. "Outsourcing, vertical integration, and price vs. quantity competition," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 26(1), pages 1-16, January.
    16. Ru, Jun & Wang, Yunzeng, 2010. "Consignment contracting: Who should control inventory in the supply chain?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 201(3), pages 760-769, March.
    17. Teng, Jinn-Tsair & Min, Jie & Pan, Qinhua, 2012. "Economic order quantity model with trade credit financing for non-decreasing demand," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 328-335.
    18. Lee, Chang Hwan & Rhee, Byong-Duk, 2011. "Trade credit for supply chain coordination," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 214(1), pages 136-146, October.
    19. Gérard P. Cachon & Martin A. Lariviere, 2005. "Supply Chain Coordination with Revenue-Sharing Contracts: Strengths and Limitations," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 51(1), pages 30-44, January.
    20. Hwan Lee, Chang & Rhee, Byong-Duk, 2010. "Coordination contracts in the presence of positive inventory financing costs," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(2), pages 331-339, April.
    21. Panos Kouvelis & Wenhui Zhao, 2012. "Financing the Newsvendor: Supplier vs. Bank, and the Structure of Optimal Trade Credit Contracts," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 60(3), pages 566-580, June.
    22. James A. Brander & Tracy R. Lewis, 1988. "Bankruptcy Costs and the Theory of Oligopoly," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 21(2), pages 221-243, May.
    23. Glock, Christoph H. & Kim, Taebok, 2015. "The effect of forward integration on a single-vendor–multi-retailer supply chain under retailer competition," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 179-192.
    24. Glock, C. H. & Kim, T., 2015. "The effect of forward integration on a single-vendor-multi-retailer supply chain under retailer competition," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL) 72130, Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL).
    25. Soo-Haeng Cho, 2014. "Horizontal Mergers in Multitier Decentralized Supply Chains," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(2), pages 356-379, February.
    26. Du, Ruo & Banerjee, Avijit & Kim, Seung-Lae, 2013. "Coordination of two-echelon supply chains using wholesale price discount and credit option," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(2), pages 327-334.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Xiaoli Zhang & Guoyi Xiu & Fakhar Shahzad & Caiquan Duan, 2021. "The Impact of Equity Financing on the Performance of Capital-Constrained Supply Chain under Consumers’ Low-Carbon Preference," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-22, February.
    2. Tang, Ting & Xu, Haiyan & Ke, Ginger Y. & Chen, Kebing, 2022. "Analyzing financing and encroachment strategies for a capital-constrained contract manufacturer," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    3. Ata Allah Taleizadeh & Aria Zaker Safaei & Arijit Bhattacharya & Alireza Amjadian, 2022. "Online peer-to-peer lending platform and supply chain finance decisions and strategies," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 315(1), pages 397-427, August.
    4. Zhang, Li-Hao & Zhang, Cheng, 2022. "Manufacturer encroachment with capital-constrained competitive retailers," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 296(3), pages 1067-1083.
    5. Xu, Senyu & Tang, Huajun & Lin, Zhijun & Lu, Jing, 2022. "Pricing and sales-effort analysis of dual-channel supply chain with channel preference, cross-channel return and free riding behavior based on revenue-sharing contract," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    6. Li-Hao Zhang & Cheng Zhang & Jie Yang, 2023. "Impacts of power structure and financing choice on manufacturer’s encroachment in a supply chain," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 322(1), pages 273-319, March.
    7. Yan, Nina & Liu, Yang & Chen, Jing, 2022. "Competitors or frenemies? Strategic investment between competing channels," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    8. Wang, Jing & Wang, Kai & Li, Xiang & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2022. "Suppliers’ trade credit strategies with transparent credit ratings: Null, exclusive, and nonchalant provision," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 153-163.
    9. Yoo, Seung Ho & Choi, Thomas Y. & Kim, DaeSoo, 2021. "Integrating sourcing and financing strategies in multi-tier supply chain management," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 234(C).
    10. Zheng, Yanyan & Zhao, Yingxue & Wang, Nengmin & Meng, Xiaoge & Yang, Honglin, 2022. "Financing decision for a remanufacturing supply chain with a capital constrained retailer: A study from the perspective of market uncertainty," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    11. Yongming Zhang & Weida Chen, 2022. "Optimal production and financing portfolio strategies for a third‐party remanufacturing supply chain with capital constraint," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(7), pages 3072-3094, October.
    12. Chen, Jianxin & Zheng, Junhao & Zhang, Tonghua & Hou, Rui & Zhou, Yong-wu, 2022. "Dynamical complexity of pricing and green level for a dyadic supply chain with capital constraint," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 1-21.
    13. Zhen, Zhiyuan & Jiang, Lan & Yan, Qiang, 2024. "The evolution of portfolio financing equilibrium in a risk-averse supply chain under a partial trade credit policy," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PA).
    14. Tang, Ruihong & Yang, Lei, 2020. "Impacts of financing mechanism and power structure on supply chains under cap-and-trade regulation," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    15. Cao, Erbao & Du, Lingxia & Ruan, Junhu, 2019. "Financing preferences and performance for an emission-dependent supply chain: Supplier vs. bank," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 383-399.
    16. Wu, Song-Man & Chan, Felix T.S. & Chung, S.H., 2022. "The impact of buyback support on financing strategies for a capital-constrained supplier," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
    17. Lan, Yanfei & Yan, Haikuan & Ren, Da & Guo, Rui, 2019. "Merger strategies in a supply chain with asymmetric capital-constrained retailers upon market power dependent trade credit," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 299-318.
    18. Huang, Shuai & Fan, Zhi-Ping & Wang, Ningning, 2020. "Green subsidy modes and pricing strategy in a capital-constrained supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    19. Xu, Song & Fang, Lei & Govindan, Kannan, 2022. "Energy performance contracting in a supply chain with financially asymmetric manufacturers under carbon tax regulation for climate change mitigation," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    20. Meng, Lin & Lv, Wangyong & Yuan, George Xianzhi & Wang, Huiqi, 2023. "The dynamic risk profiles and management strategies in supply chain coopetition under altruistic preference," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    21. Jena, Sarat Kumar & Padhi, Sidhartha S & Cheng, T.C.E., 2023. "Optimal selection of supply chain financing programmes for a financially distressed manufacturer," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 457-477.
    22. Sun, Shuxiao & Hua, Shengya & Liu, Zhongyi, 2024. "Navigating default risk in supply chain finance: Guidelines based on trade credit and equity vendor financing," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    23. Chakuu, Sumeer & Masi, Donato & Godsell, Janet, 2019. "Exploring the relationship between mechanisms, actors and instruments in supply chain finance: A systematic literature review," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 35-53.
    24. Fu, Hong & Ke, Ginger Y. & Lian, Zhaotong & Zhang, Lianmin, 2021. "3PL firm’s equity financing for technology innovation in a platform supply chain," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    25. Priya, Bhawna & Biswas, Indranil & Agrawal, Anupam, 2023. "The over-ordering problem in trade credit: Role of return policies," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 309(2), pages 731-744.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhang, Li-Hao & Zhang, Cheng, 2022. "Manufacturer encroachment with capital-constrained competitive retailers," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 296(3), pages 1067-1083.
    2. Xiaoli Zhang & Guoyi Xiu & Fakhar Shahzad & Yupeng Duan, 2021. "Optimal Financing Strategy in a Capital-Constrained Supply Chain with Retailer Green Marketing Efforts," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-19, January.
    3. Wang, Chengfu & Fan, Xiaojun & Yin, Zhe, 2019. "Financing online retailers: Bank vs. electronic business platform, equilibrium, and coordinating strategy," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 276(1), pages 343-356.
    4. Xu, Xinhan & Chen, Xiangfeng & Jia, Fu & Brown, Steve & Gong, Yu & Xu, Yifan, 2018. "Supply chain finance: A systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 160-173.
    5. Vandana, & Kaur, Arshinder, 2019. "Two-level trade credit with default risk in the supply chain under stochastic demand," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 4-23.
    6. Jiao Wang & Lima Zhao & Arnd Huchzermeier, 2021. "Operations‐Finance Interface in Risk Management: Research Evolution and Opportunities," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 30(2), pages 355-389, February.
    7. Jena, Sarat Kumar & Padhi, Sidhartha S & Cheng, T.C.E., 2023. "Optimal selection of supply chain financing programmes for a financially distressed manufacturer," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 457-477.
    8. Wang, Jing & Wang, Kai & Li, Xiang & Zhao, Ruiqing, 2022. "Suppliers’ trade credit strategies with transparent credit ratings: Null, exclusive, and nonchalant provision," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 153-163.
    9. Jinpyo Lee, 2019. "Impact of Loss-Aversion on a Financially-Constrained Supply Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-19, May.
    10. Yan, Nina & Sun, Baowen & Zhang, Hui & Liu, Chongqing, 2016. "A partial credit guarantee contract in a capital-constrained supply chain: Financing equilibrium and coordinating strategy," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 122-133.
    11. Xiao, Shuang & Sethi, Suresh P. & Liu, Mengqi & Ma, Shihua, 2017. "Coordinating contracts for a financially constrained supply chain," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 71-86.
    12. Huang, Jing & Yang, Wensheng & Tu, Yiliu, 2020. "Financing mode decision in a supply chain with financial constraint," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    13. Liming Zhao & Ling Li & Yao Song & Cong Li & Yujie Wu, 2018. "Research on Pricing and Coordination Strategy of a Sustainable Green Supply Chain with a Capital-Constrained Retailer," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2018, pages 1-12, January.
    14. Meng, Qingfeng & Li, Zhen & Liu, Huimin & Chen, Jingxian, 2017. "Agent-based simulation of competitive performance for supply chains based on combined contracts," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 663-676.
    15. Mu, Xiuqing & Kang, Kai & Zhang, Jing, 2022. "Dual-channel supply chain coordination considering credit sales competition," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 434(C).
    16. Ata Allah Taleizadeh & Sara Tavassoli & Arijit Bhattacharya, 2020. "Inventory ordering policies for mixed sale of products under inspection policy, multiple prepayment, partial trade credit, payments linked to order quantity and full backordering," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 287(1), pages 403-437, April.
    17. Hong Cheng & Yingsheng Su & Jinjiang Yan & Xianyu Wang & Mingyang Li, 2019. "The Incentive Model in Supply Chain with Trade Credit and Default Risk," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-11, May.
    18. Mohsen Lashgari & Ata Allah Taleizadeh & Abbas Ahmadi, 2016. "Partial up-stream advanced payment and partial down-stream delayed payment in a three-level supply chain," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 238(1), pages 329-354, March.
    19. Wang, Chengfu & Chen, Xiangfeng & Jin, Wei & Fan, Xiaojun, 2022. "Credit guarantee types for financing retailers through online peer-to-peer lending: Equilibrium and coordinating strategy," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 297(1), pages 380-392.
    20. Shi, Jinzhao & Guo, Ju'e & Du, Qiang & Lin, Feng & Lai, Kin Keung & Cheng, T.C.E., 2020. "Optimal financing mode selection for a capital-constrained retailer under an implicit bankruptcy cost," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:185:y:2017:i:c:p:139-149. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpe .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.