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Effect of fear and non-linear predator harvesting on a predator–prey system in presence of environmental variability

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  • Paul, Biswajit
  • Sikdar, Gopal Chandra
  • Ghosh, Uttam

Abstract

In this paper, we have proposed and analyzed a predator–prey system introducing the cost of predation fear into the prey reproduction with Holling type-II functional response in the stochastic environment with the consideration of non-linear harvesting on predators. The system experiences Transcritical, Saddle–node, Hopf, and Bogdanov-Taken (BT) bifurcation with respect to the intrinsic growth rate and competition rate of the prey populations. We have discussed the existence and uniqueness of positive global solution of the stochastic model with the help of Ito’s integral formula and the long-term behavior of the solution is derived here. The existence of stationary distribution and explicit form of the density function is established here when only prey populations survive or both populations. We have shown that due to high fluctuation, the regime changes from one stable state to another state when bistability occurs in the system. The paper ends with some conclusions.

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  • Paul, Biswajit & Sikdar, Gopal Chandra & Ghosh, Uttam, 2025. "Effect of fear and non-linear predator harvesting on a predator–prey system in presence of environmental variability," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 442-460.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:matcom:v:227:y:2025:i:c:p:442-460
    DOI: 10.1016/j.matcom.2024.08.021
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fangyuan Hua & Kathryn E. Sieving & Robert J. Fletcher & Chloe A. Wright, 2014. "Increased perception of predation risk to adults and offspring alters avian reproductive strategy and performance," Behavioral Ecology, International Society for Behavioral Ecology, vol. 25(3), pages 509-519.
    2. Han, Bingtao & Jiang, Daqing, 2022. "Stationary distribution, extinction and density function of a stochastic prey-predator system with general anti-predator behavior and fear effect," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    3. Saha, Pritam & Mondal, Bapin & Ghosh, Uttam, 2023. "Dynamical behaviors of an epidemic model with partial immunity having nonlinear incidence and saturated treatment in deterministic and stochastic environments," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    4. Zhou, Baoquan & Jiang, Daqing & Dai, Yucong & Hayat, Tasawar & Alsaedi, Ahmed, 2021. "Stationary distribution and probability density function of a stochastic SVIS epidemic model with standard incidence and vaccination strategies," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    5. Han, Bingtao & Jiang, Daqing & Zhou, Baoquan & Hayat, Tasawar & Alsaedi, Ahmed, 2021. "Stationary distribution and probability density function of a stochastic SIRSI epidemic model with saturation incidence rate and logistic growth," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    6. Mondal, Bapin & Ghosh, Uttam & Rahman, Md Sadikur & Saha, Pritam & Sarkar, Susmita, 2022. "Studies of different types of bifurcations analyses of an imprecise two species food chain model with fear effect and non-linear harvesting," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 111-135.
    7. Kumar, Sachin & Kharbanda, Harsha, 2019. "Chaotic behavior of predator-prey model with group defense and non-linear harvesting in prey," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 19-28.
    8. Umrao, Anuj Kumar & Roy, Subarna & Tiwari, Pankaj Kumar & Srivastava, Prashant K., 2024. "Dynamical behaviors of autonomous and nonautonomous models of generalist predator–prey system with fear, mutual interference and nonlinear harvesting," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    9. Mandal, Partha Sarathi & Banerjee, Malay, 2012. "Stochastic persistence and stationary distribution in a Holling–Tanner type prey–predator model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(4), pages 1216-1233.
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