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Analysis of accidents in Greek shipping during the pre- and post-ISM period

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  • Tzannatos, Ernestos
  • Kokotos, Dimitris

Abstract

In shipping, safety depends on the reliability of the technical and human components of the ship-system, although the marine environment itself may sometimes be so hostile as to give rise to accidents that are beyond technical and human control. The need for a continuous analysis of shipping accidents is dictated by the accumulated evidence for the predominance of the human factor and the ever-increasing pressure for further improvement on the safety record of shipping. In this context, the effectiveness of enforced regulations towards the promotion of safety policy in shipping is assessed and the debate and focus on this issue are maintained. The purpose of this paper is to examine human reliability with reference to all accidents involving Greek-flagged ships during 1993-2006, a time-scale that spans over the pre- and post-ISM period. The accident data were processed through a decision tree analysis, which enabled the classification of various accident factors, which, for the purpose of this approach, were treated as the tree variables. In the context of assessing the effectiveness of the implemented ISM Code, the above-mentioned analysis revealed that although the human element maintained its dominance in shipping accidents, there is also substantial evidence in support of its effective control during the post-ISM period, since the implementation of the ISM Code led to an overall reduction of human-induced accidents. Furthermore, the ISM Code was found to remove the influence of vessel type upon the human or non-human source of accidents, since prior to ISM implementation tankers and Ro-Pax vessels were profoundly linked to human-induced accidents. In terms of location, the ISM Code improved the human-induced accident record in both navigational regions of restricted and open waters. However, its impact in terms of location was less effective, since the navigation in restricted waters proved to be distinctively linked to human-induced accidents in comparison to that of open waters, over the entire period of investigation.

Suggested Citation

  • Tzannatos, Ernestos & Kokotos, Dimitris, 2009. "Analysis of accidents in Greek shipping during the pre- and post-ISM period," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(4), pages 679-684, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:marpol:v:33:y:2009:i:4:p:679-684
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Bing Wu & Xinping Yan & Yang Wang & C. Guedes Soares, 2017. "An Evidential Reasoning‐Based CREAM to Human Reliability Analysis in Maritime Accident Process," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(10), pages 1936-1957, October.
    2. Weiliang Qiao & Yu Liu & Xiaoxue Ma & Yang Liu, 2020. "Human Factors Analysis for Maritime Accidents Based on a Dynamic Fuzzy Bayesian Network," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 40(5), pages 957-980, May.
    3. Angelos Pantouvakis & Maria Karakasnaki, 2016. "An empirical assessment of ISM Code effectiveness on performance: the role of ISO certification," Maritime Policy & Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(7), pages 874-886, October.
    4. Dorota Jarzabek & Kinga Drwiega & Milosz Tarkowski, 2022. "Task Risk Assessment While Conducting Deck Works," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(3), pages 235-243.
    5. Xiaolong Wang & Boling Zhang & Xu Zhao & Lulu Wang & Ruipeng Tong, 2020. "Exploring the Underlying Causes of Chinese Eastern Star, Korean Sewol, and Thai Phoenix Ferry Accidents by Employing the HFACS-MA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-19, June.
    6. Wen Cheng Lin, 2022. "Maritime Environment Assessment and Management Using through Balanced Scorecard by Using DEMATEL and ANP Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-13, March.
    7. Conghua Xue & Lijun Tang, 2019. "Organisational support and safety management: A study of shipboard safety supervision," The Economic and Labour Relations Review, , vol. 30(4), pages 549-565, December.
    8. Ek, Åsa & Runefors, Marcus & Borell, Jonas, 2014. "Relationships between safety culture aspects – A work process to enable interpretation," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 179-186.
    9. Wróbel, Krzysztof, 2021. "Searching for the origins of the myth: 80% human error impact on maritime safety," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
    10. Wang, Likun & Yang, Zaili, 2018. "Bayesian network modelling and analysis of accident severity in waterborne transportation: A case study in China," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 277-289.
    11. Bye, Rolf J. & Aalberg, Asbjørn L., 2018. "Maritime navigation accidents and risk indicators: An exploratory statistical analysis using AIS data and accident reports," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 174-186.
    12. Constantine Chlomoudis & Petros A. Kostagiolas, 2013. "Integrating Information Services for Managing Regulations in International Maritime Transportation," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 63(3-4), pages 128-136, July.
    13. Yue Jiao & Maxim A. Dulebenets & Yui-yip Lau, 2020. "Cruise Ship Safety Management in Asian Regions: Trends and Future Outlook," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-15, July.

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