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Assessment of risks impeding sustainable mining in Pakistan using fuzzy synthetic evaluation

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  • Jiskani, Izhar Mithal
  • Cai, Qingxiang
  • Zhou, Wei
  • Lu, Xiang

Abstract

Sustainability has always been a core concern in the mining industry because the exploitation of mineral resources poses adverse impacts on the environment and society. As a result, the industry is seeking spectacular progress to foster sustainable mining practices that can enable it to be financially viable, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible. Since mining is inevitably endemic with risks, risk assessment could enable the industry to deal with the risks that have significant impacts on its sustainable development. This paper aims to assess the risks that impede sustainable mining in Pakistan. A total of 41 risks were identified and categorized into eight categories based on expert consultation and literature review approaches. A risk assessment model based on the fuzzy synthetic evaluation was developed, which integrated data from 139 experienced mining professionals collected through surveys. The model calculated the probability of occurrence (P), and degree of impact (I) values to quantify scores for each risk factor, each risk category, and the overall risk level. The results showed that risk categories scored from 3.398 to 4.091 (on a scale from 1 to 5). The ranking order of the categories depending on their scores is operational and technical (RC5) > organizational and managerial (RC6) > economic and financial (RC1) > health and safety (RC3) > environmental (RC2) > political and legal (RC7) > socio-cultural (RC8) > natural and external (RC4) >. To provide a basic idea for decision-makers to determine the most problematic risk categories that need to be managed on a case-by-case basis, these categories were classified into three priority levels according to their P and I values. The overall level of risk to sustainable mining was high, suggesting that the strategic focus should be on risk management. This study expands knowledge and literature on risks to sustainable mining that can help develop proper response strategies.

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  • Jiskani, Izhar Mithal & Cai, Qingxiang & Zhou, Wei & Lu, Xiang, 2020. "Assessment of risks impeding sustainable mining in Pakistan using fuzzy synthetic evaluation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:69:y:2020:i:c:s0301420720308527
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101820
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Pan Wu & Guoyan Zhao & Yang Li, 2022. "Green Mining Strategy Selection via an Integrated SWOT-PEST Analysis and Fuzzy AHP-MARCOS Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-19, June.
    3. Zhao, Lu-Tao & Liu, Zhao-Ting & Cheng, Lei, 2021. "How will China's coal industry develop in the future? A quantitative analysis with policy implications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    4. Huaiting Luo & Wei Zhou & Izhar Mithal Jiskani & Zhiming Wang, 2021. "Analyzing Characteristics of Particulate Matter Pollution in Open-Pit Coal Mines: Implications for Green Mining," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-19, May.
    5. Ayaz, Muhammad & Jehan, Noor & Nakonieczny, Joanna & Mentel, Urszula & uz zaman, Qamar, 2022. "Health costs of environmental pollution faced by underground coal miners: Evidence from Balochistan, Pakistan," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    6. Ur Rehman, Atta & Emad, Muhammad Zaka & Khan, Muhammad Usman & Saleem, Muhammad Ahsan & Saki, Saqib A., 2021. "Investigation and analysis of fatal accidents reporting practices in the Punjab province of Pakistan and remedial measures," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    7. Longjun Dong & Yanlin Zhao & Wenxue Chen, 2022. "Mining Safety and Sustainability—An Overview," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-6, May.
    8. Jiskani, Izhar Mithal & Yasli, Fatma & Hosseini, Shahab & Rehman, Atta Ur & Uddin, Salah, 2022. "Improved Z-number based fuzzy fault tree approach to analyze health and safety risks in surface mines," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    9. Jiskani, Izhar Mithal & Cai, Qingxiang & Zhou, Wei & Ali Shah, Syed Ahsan, 2021. "Green and climate-smart mining: A framework to analyze open-pit mines for cleaner mineral production," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    10. Ottone Scammacca & Rasool Mehdizadeh & Yann Gunzburger, 2022. "Territorial Mining Scenarios for Sustainable Land-Planning: A Risk-Based Comparison on the Example of Gold Mining in French Guiana," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-25, August.
    11. R. Krishankumar & P. P. Amritha & K. S. Ravichandran, 2022. "RETRACTED ARTICLE: An integrated fuzzy decision model for prioritization of barriers affecting sustainability adoption within supply chains under unknown weight context," Operations Management Research, Springer, vol. 15(3), pages 1010-1027, December.
    12. Jinhui Chen & Izhar Mithal Jiskani & Aiguo Lin & Chaocheng Zhao & Peixing Jing & Fengjie Liu & Mingyin Lu, 2023. "A hybrid decision model and case study for comprehensive evaluation of green mine construction level," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(4), pages 3823-3842, April.
    13. Rajkumar, G. & Saravanan, M. & Marimuthu, P., 2023. "Developing a numerical model to analyze the production process of PMEDM," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).

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