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Retail Multinationals and Globalization:: The Evidence is Regional

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  • Rugman, Alan
  • Girod, Stéphane

Abstract

This paper reports an empirical study of the world's 49 largest retail multinational enterprises (MNEs). Of these only one MNE is found to be a 'global' MNE, while five are 'bi-regional', i.e. with at least 20 per cent of sales in two parts of the 'triad' of the European Union, North America (NAFTA) and Asia. The remaining MNEs are either purely domestic or have sales in only their home-triad market. Thus, we conclude that the retail MNEs neither operate globally nor do they need global strategies. Instead, they are mainly regional MNEs and their focus is local, home-triad market-oriented.

Suggested Citation

  • Rugman, Alan & Girod, Stéphane, 2003. "Retail Multinationals and Globalization:: The Evidence is Regional," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 24-37, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eurman:v:21:y:2003:i:1:p:24-37
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Dev K. Dutta & Vishal K. Gupta & Xiujian Chen, 2016. "A Tale of Three Strategic Orientations: A Moderated-Mediation Framework of the Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, and Learning Orientation on Firm Performance," Journal of Enterprising Culture (JEC), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 24(03), pages 313-348, September.
    2. Oh, Chang Hoon & Sohl, Timo & Rugman, Alan M., 2015. "Regional and product diversification and the performance of retail multinationals," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 220-234.
    3. Walid Hejazi, 2005. "Are Regional Concentrations of OECD Exports and Outward FDI Consistent with Gravity?," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 33(4), pages 423-436, December.
    4. Justine Kyove & Katerina Streltsova & Ufuoma Odibo & Giuseppe T. Cirella, 2021. "Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises," World, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-15, April.
    5. Elena Baglioni & Liam Campling, 2017. "Natural resource industries as global value chains: Frontiers, fetishism, labour and the state," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 49(11), pages 2437-2456, November.
    6. Pedro Quelhas Brito & Peter J. McGoldrick & Umesh Ramchandra Raut, 2019. "Shopping Centre Patronage: Situational Factors Against Affect," Vision, , vol. 23(2), pages 189-196, June.
    7. Hendriks, Guus, 2020. "How the spatial dispersion and size of country networks shape the geographic distance that firms add during international expansion," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(6).
    8. Chang Oh & Alan Rugman, 2007. "Regional multinationals and the Korean cosmetics industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 24(1), pages 27-42, March.
    9. Alan M. Rugman & Alain Verbeke, 2005. "A Perspective on Regional and Global Strategies of Multinational Enterprises," Chapters, in: Analysis of Multinational Strategic Management, chapter 8, pages 104-119, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    10. Walid Hejazi, 2007. "Reconsidering the concentration of US MNE activity: Is it global, regional or national?," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 5-27, February.
    11. Rugman, Alan M. & Oh, Chang Hoon, 2008. "Korea's multinationals in a regional world," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 5-15, January.
    12. Elena Beleska-Spasova & Keith W. Glaister, 2010. "Geographic Orientation and Performance," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 50(5), pages 533-557, October.
    13. Riku Laanti & Fred McDougall & Georges Baume, 2009. "How well do Traditional Theories Explain the Internationalisation of Service MNEs from Small and Open Economies? – Case: National Telecommunication Companies," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 49(1), pages 121-144, February.
    14. OGREAN Claudia, 2017. "A Snapshot Of The World Of Global Multinationals – An Industry Based Analysis Of Fortune Global 500 Companies," Studies in Business and Economics, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 12(2), pages 136-154, August.
    15. Patrik Vanek, 2022. "Aspects of Measuring Firm-Level Multinationality," MENDELU Working Papers in Business and Economics 2022-83, Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    16. Swoboda, Bernhard & Morbe, Lukas & Hirschmann, Johannes, 2018. "International strategy’s effects on retailers’ local implementation and performance," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 642-653.
    17. Jenny Berrill & Shengkai Sun, 2018. "An Investigation into the Benefits of Investing in Chinese Multinational Companies," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 17(2), pages 186-209, August.
    18. Mohr, Alex & Batsakis, Georgios, 2018. "Firm resources, cultural distance and simultaneous international expansion in the retail sector," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 113-124.
    19. Matthew Bailey, 2017. "Absorptive Capacity, International Business Knowledge Transfer, and Local Adaptation: Establishing Discount Department Stores in Australia," Australian Economic History Review, Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 57(2), pages 194-216, July.

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