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Exploring the critical risk factors in COVID-19 vaccination clinics aimed uncertainty: Insight from Pakistan

Author

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  • Abbas, Hafiz Waqar
  • Khalid, Neelum
  • Anjum, Razia
  • Nawaz, Rashed
  • Zhou, Zhongliang
  • Gong, Shaoqing

Abstract

One of the key lessons emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic is the necessity of assessing and strengthening the operational capacity of COVID-19 vaccination clinics (CVCs) to ensure effective response and service delivery during current and future pandemics. Countries with more robust and resilient CVC infrastructure were better equipped to manage mass vaccination efforts compared to those with constrained capacities. This study focuses on Pakistan, a lower-middle-income country, where mass vaccination campaigns across five regions encountered substantial operational challenges due to limited CVC capacity. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop a decision support framework and identify CVCs critical capacity factor criteria for regional risk ranking. Secondly, to analyse the negative impact of one most critical factor's weight change on other factors in each capacity domain and the ranking of five different regions under the uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Abbas, Hafiz Waqar & Khalid, Neelum & Anjum, Razia & Nawaz, Rashed & Zhou, Zhongliang & Gong, Shaoqing, 2025. "Exploring the critical risk factors in COVID-19 vaccination clinics aimed uncertainty: Insight from Pakistan," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:epplan:v:112:y:2025:i:c:s0149718925001181
    DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2025.102651
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