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Exploring environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in relation to green revolution: A case study of Pakistan

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  • Ali, Ghaffar
  • Ashraf, Aqdas
  • Bashir, Muhammad Khalid
  • Cui, Shenghui

Abstract

Global warming and climate change are the most burning issues nowadays, which have diverted the attention of researchers towards climate change adaptation & mitigation strategies. In the early days, after the formation of Pakistan, its survival and future was under a great deal of skepticism. Therefore, the Government of Pakistan (GOP) took initiatives for agricultural growth and development in the mid-1960’s, which later on became a revolution, commonly known as the Green Revolution. The present study aims to explore the environmental consequences of the Green Revolution by testing a hypothesis. Our H0 states that there is no trade-off between agricultural growth (proxy variable for economic growth) and carbon dioxide emissions in case of Pakistan, based on the annual data on variables (such as GHG emissions and Index of agriculture, GDP, etc.) from 1960 to 1990. Johansen’s method of cointegration has been employed in this study to test H0. This method has an advantage over Phillips-Ouliaris’ and Engle-Granger’s methods of cointegration, in that it has the ability to estimate more than one cointegrating relationship between variables. Results of the present study do not support the existence of EKC hypothesis in relation to the Green Revolution, neither in the short run nor in the long run. None of the factors that led to the Green Revolution significantly contributed to the CO2 emissions; however, the Green Revolution resulted in an increase in the GDP of Pakistan. This shows that the agricultural sector of Pakistan can provide better earning opportunities besides having the potential for climate change mitigation. The present scenario in Pakistan necessitates the need for the government to focus on climate change mitigation and adaptation policies through the agricultural sector. Moreover, effective implementation of such policies using economic instruments, such as charges and subsidies, especially against the polluting industries, should be encouraged.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali, Ghaffar & Ashraf, Aqdas & Bashir, Muhammad Khalid & Cui, Shenghui, 2017. "Exploring environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in relation to green revolution: A case study of Pakistan," Environmental Science & Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 166-171.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enscpo:v:77:y:2017:i:c:p:166-171
    DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.08.019
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    Cited by:

    1. Muhammad Irfan & Michael P. Cameron & Gazi Hassan, 2021. "Can income growth alone increase household consumption of cleaner fuels? Evidence from Pakistan," ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2021(2), pages 121-146.
    2. Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Zaidi, Syed Anees Haider & Sinha, Avik & Gedikli, Ayfer & Hou, Fujun, 2019. "The role of stock market and banking sector development, and renewable energy consumption in carbon emissions: Insights from G-7 and N-11 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 427-436.
    3. Chun Chih Chen, 2021. "The path to a 2025 nuclear-free Taiwan: An analysis of dynamic competition among emissions, energy, and economy," Energy & Environment, , vol. 32(4), pages 668-689, June.
    4. Shuying Wang & Yifei Gao & Hongchang Zhou, 2022. "Research on Green Total Factor Productivity Enhancement Path from the Configurational Perspective—Based on the TOE Theoretical Framework," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-20, October.
    5. Rajesh Sharma & Muhammad Shahbaz & Pradeep Kautish & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2023. "Diversified imports as catalysts for ecological footprint: examining the BRICS experience," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(4), pages 3153-3181, April.
    6. Sharma, Rajesh & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Sinha, Avik & Vo, Xuan Vinh, 2021. "Examining the temporal impact of stock market development on carbon intensity: Evidence from South Asian countries," MPRA Paper 108925, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2021.
    7. Yujie Liu & Qiaomin Chen & Qinghua Tan, 2019. "Responses of wheat yields and water use efficiency to climate change and nitrogen fertilization in the North China plain," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(6), pages 1231-1242, December.
    8. Shakila Aziz & Shahriar Ahmed Chowdhury, 2023. "Analysis of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions using the STIRPAT model: a case study of Bangladesh," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 3945-3965, May.
    9. Yassine Charabi & Sabah Abdul-Wahab & Abdul Majeed Al-Mahruqi & Selma Osman & Isra Osman, 2022. "The potential estimation and cost analysis of wind energy production in Oman," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(4), pages 5917-5937, April.
    10. Jingjing Liu & Jing Wang & Zehui Li & Yingkun Du, 2021. "Exploring impacts of the Grain for Green program on Chinese economic growth," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 5215-5232, April.
    11. Chien, Fengsheng & Ajaz, Tahseen & Andlib, Zubaria & Chau, Ka Yin & Ahmad, Paiman & Sharif, Arshian, 2021. "The role of technology innovation, renewable energy and globalization in reducing environmental degradation in Pakistan: A step towards sustainable environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 308-317.
    12. AM Priyangani Adikari & Haiyun Liu & DMSLB Dissanayake & Manjula Ranagalage, 2023. "Human Capital and Carbon Emissions: The Way forward Reducing Environmental Degradation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-17, February.

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