The novel operation strategy of CCHP-GSHP-PV system based on device complementary characteristic considering different storage electricity modes

The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP), the ground source heat pump (GSHP), photovoltaic (PV) coupled system enhances operation flexibility and decreases energy consumption. The hydrogen storage electricity (HSE) and battery storage electricity (BSE) solve the temporal mismatch between photovoltaic energy generation and energy demand. Traditional operation strategies, which distribute loads proportionally among equipment, often lead to sharp efficiency declines at reduced loads. To address this issue, this study proposes four novel two-stage operation strategies, which are compared and analyzed against traditional approaches. The optimization objectives of the system include energy efficiency, economic performance, and environmental impact. Using a hotel building in Beijing as a case study, the equipment capacity of the entire system is optimized through a multi-swarm genetic algorithm. The results indicate that, under the proportional distribution operation strategy, the hydrogen storage system outperforms the battery storage system in terms of energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. But the hydrogen storage system has drawbacks in economic performance. Specifically, the primary energy saving rate reaches 7.78 %, the economic saving rate is −8.63 %, the carbon dioxide emission reduction rate is 7.36 %, and the comprehensive performance index is 2.17 %. Furthermore, within the hydrogen storage electricity model, operation strategy II (OSII) demonstrates the best system performance. Compared with operation strategy I (OSI), OSII achieves primary energy saving rate of 10.32 %, economic saving rate of 6.32 %, carbon dioxide emission reduction rate of 8.62 % and comprehensive performance index of 8.42 %. This work provides valuable guidance on determining device operation priorities and load distribution.