IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v323y2025ics0360544225014586.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of hybrid active-passive solar heating system through day-ahead and real-time control

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Dehan
  • Zhao, Jing
  • Tian, Zhe
  • Li, Yawen
  • Yang, Zilan
  • Lu, Shilei
  • Lin, Quanyi

Abstract

Solar heating has the advantages of low-carbon and clean energy, but its operational performance is significantly influenced by solar radiation, resulting in pronounced randomness and intermittency. Therefore, this study introduces an innovative Active-Passive Hybrid Solar Heating System (A-PHSHS) that incorporates attached sunspace, solar collector, phase change thermal storage device, floor heating, and electric heater, supporting five operational modes. To address the mismatch and lag issues in different mode combinations under Rule-Based Control (RBC), a dynamic operation scheme combining predictive Day-ahead scheduling with Real-time Control (DRC) is proposed. In the day-ahead phase, the scheme plans for thermal storage during valley electricity price periods by predicting solar capacity and the building's thermal demand for the next day. In the real-time control phase, the dynamic switching of operation modes is based on the prediction of the building temperature and feedback. Experimental results show that under DRC, solar utilization rates can reach 40.61 %–46.22 %, with the cost of temperature increase between 3.77 °C/CNY·day and 8.12 °C/CNY·day. Compared to RBC, the indoor average temperature increases by 1.6 °C, solar thermal utilization rate improves by 5.4 %, energy savings reach 24.24 %, and cost savings are 38.40 %.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Dehan & Zhao, Jing & Tian, Zhe & Li, Yawen & Yang, Zilan & Lu, Shilei & Lin, Quanyi, 2025. "Optimization of hybrid active-passive solar heating system through day-ahead and real-time control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:323:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225014586
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.135816
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225014586
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135816?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Yaowen & Chen, Zhihua & Wang, Dengjia & Liu, Yanfeng & Zhang, Yaya & Liu, Yanming & Zhao, Yiting & Gao, Meng & Fan, Jianhua, 2023. "Co-optimization of passive building and active solar heating system based on the objective of minimum carbon emissions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    2. Wang, Ran & Lu, Shilei & Feng, Wei, 2020. "A novel improved model for building energy consumption prediction based on model integration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    3. Wang, Lu & Guo, Leihong & Ren, Jianlin & Kong, Xiangfei, 2022. "Using of heat thermal storage of PCM and solar energy for distributed clean building heating: A multi-level scale-up research," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    4. Xu, Weiwei & Guo, Huiqing & Ma, Chengwei, 2022. "An active solar water wall for passive solar greenhouse heating," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    5. Lu, Shilei & Gao, Jingxian & Tong, Haojie & Yin, Shuai & Tang, Xiaolei & Jiang, Xiangyang, 2020. "Model establishment and operation optimization of the casing PCM radiant floor heating system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    6. Li, Yong & Hu, Bing & Wang, Dengjia & Liu, Hui & Liu, Yanfeng & Haghighat, Fariborz, 2023. "Enhancing the performance of solar water heating systems: Application of double-layer phase change materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    7. Ma, Tao & Li, Meng & Kazemian, Arash, 2020. "Photovoltaic thermal module and solar thermal collector connected in series to produce electricity and high-grade heat simultaneously," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
    8. Hassan, Ahmed A. & El-Rayes, Khaled, 2024. "Optimal use of renewable energy technologies during building schematic design phase," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
    9. Lu, Shilei & Zhai, Xue & Gao, Jingxian & Wang, Ran, 2022. "Performance optimization and experimental analysis of a novel low-temperature latent heat thermal energy storage device," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    10. Gao, Jinshuang & Li, Sheng & Adnouni, M. & Huang, Yan & Yu, Meng & Zhao, Yazhou & Zhang, Xuejun, 2024. "Simulation study on thermal performance of solar coupled air source heat pump system with phase change heat storage in cold regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    11. Gao, Jinshuang & Li, Sheng & Wu, Fan & Jiang, Long & Zhao, Yazhou & Zhang, Xuejun, 2024. "Study on efficient heating method by solar coupled air source heat pump system with phase change heat storage in severe cold region," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).
    12. Shah, Sheikh Khaleduzzaman & Aye, Lu & Rismanchi, Behzad, 2020. "Multi-objective optimisation of a seasonal solar thermal energy storage system for space heating in cold climate," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    13. Jia, Zhijie & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "How to achieve the first step of the carbon-neutrality 2060 target in China: The coal substitution perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    14. Huo, Tengfei & Du, Qianxi & Xu, Linbo & Shi, Qingwei & Cong, Xiaobo & Cai, Weiguang, 2023. "Timetable and roadmap for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality of China's building sector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    15. Saloux, Etienne & Candanedo, José A., 2021. "Model-based predictive control to minimize primary energy use in a solar district heating system with seasonal thermal energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    16. Zhao, Jing & Yang, Zilan & Shi, Linyu & Liu, Dehan & Li, Haonan & Mi, Yumiao & Wang, Hongbin & Feng, Meili & Hutagaol, Timothy Joseph, 2024. "Photovoltaic capacity dynamic tracking model predictive control strategy of air-conditioning systems with consideration of flexible loads," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
    17. Bogdanovics, Raimonds & Zemitis, Jurgis & Zajacs, Aleksandrs & Borodinecs, Anatolijs, 2024. "Small-scale district heating system as heat storage for decentralized solar thermal collectors during non-heating period," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    18. Ait Laasri, Imad & Charai, Mouatassim & Mghazli, Mohamed Oualid & Outzourhit, Abdelkader, 2024. "Energy performance assessment of a novel enhanced solar thermal system with topology optimized latent heat thermal energy storage unit for domestic water heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    19. Shan, M. & Yu, T. & Yang, X., 2016. "Assessment of an integrated active solar and air-source heat pump water heating system operated within a passive house in a cold climate zone," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(P3), pages 1059-1066.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Sohani, Ali & Cornaro, Cristina & Shahverdian, Mohammad Hassan & Moser, David & Pierro, Marco & Olabi, Abdul Ghani & Karimi, Nader & Nižetić, Sandro & Li, Larry K.B. & Doranehgard, Mohammad Hossein, 2023. "Techno-economic evaluation of a hybrid photovoltaic system with hot/cold water storage for poly-generation in a residential building," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    2. Hou, Feng & He, Ting & Lu, Yan & Sun, Hongchuang & Li, Yawei & Yuan, Pei, 2024. "Experimental and simulation study on the performance of a solar assisted multi-source heat pump drying system in Zhengzhou area," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    3. Pokhrel, Sajjan & Amiri, Leyla & Zueter, Ahmad & Poncet, Sébastien & Hassani, Ferri P. & Sasmito, Agus P. & Ghoreishi-Madiseh, Seyed Ali, 2021. "Thermal performance evaluation of integrated solar-geothermal system; a semi-conjugate reduced order numerical model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    4. Jianlin Ren & Shasha Duan & Leihong Guo & Hongwan Li & Xiangfei Kong, 2022. "Effects of Return Air Inlets’ Location on the Control of Fine Particle Transportation in a Simulated Hospital Ward," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-21, September.
    5. Li, Guanzheng & Li, Bin & Li, Chao & Wang, Shuai, 2023. "State-of-health rapid estimation for lithium-ion battery based on an interpretable stacking ensemble model with short-term voltage profiles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    6. Chen, Fenglan & Chen, Xing, 2025. "Mitigating pollution emissions of manufacturing firms: Does input servitization matter? Empirical evidence from China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    7. Hemmatabady, Hoofar & Welsch, Bastian & Formhals, Julian & Sass, Ingo, 2022. "AI-based enviro-economic optimization of solar-coupled and standalone geothermal systems for heating and cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
    8. Kazemian, Arash & Khatibi, Meysam & Ma, Tao & Peng, Jinqing & Hongxing, Yang, 2023. "A thermal performance-enhancing strategy of photovoltaic thermal systems by applying surface area partially covered by solar cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    9. Zhang, Boqun & Wang, Yuanfeng & Pan, Lei & Guo, Xiaohui & Liu, Yinshan & Shi, Chengcheng & Xue, Shaoqin & Wang, Liping & Chang, Xinlei & Fan, Lei, 2025. "Net zero carbon park planning framework: Methodology, application, and economic feasibility analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    10. Hou, Yali & Wang, Qunwei & Tan, Tao, 2023. "An ensemble learning framework for rooftop photovoltaic project site selection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    11. Li, Jinpeng & Chen, Xiangjie & Li, Guiqiang, 2023. "Effect of separation wavelength on a novel solar-driven hybrid hydrogen production system (SDHPS) by solar full spectrum energy," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    12. Lijuan Zhang & Tatyana Ponomarenko, 2023. "Directions for Sustainable Development of China’s Coal Industry in the Post-Epidemic Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-32, April.
    13. Zhang, Tianjun & Wu, Jinyu & Pang, Mingkun & Liu, Rongtao & Zhu, Shipeng & Pan, Hongyu, 2024. "Experimental study on the negative pressure loss generated by the gas influx process around a long borehole," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    14. Xu, Yizhen & Qin, Botao & Shi, Quanlin & Hao, Mingyue & Shao, Xu & Jiang, Zhe & Ma, Zujie, 2023. "Study on the preparation and properties of colloidal gas foam concrete to prevent spontaneous combustion of coal," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    15. Constantinos Vassiliades & Christos Minterides & Olga-Eleni Astara & Giovanni Barone & Ioannis Vardopoulos, 2023. "Socio-Economic Barriers to Adopting Energy-Saving Bioclimatic Strategies in a Mediterranean Sustainable Real Estate Setting: A Quantitative Analysis of Resident Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-18, December.
    16. Zhang, Jiaye & Chen, Chongming & Zhou, Ao & Rahman, Zia ur & Wang, Xuebin & Stojiljković, Dragoslava & Manić, Nebojsa & Vujanović, Milan & Tan, Houzhang, 2022. "Morphology of char particles from coal pyrolysis in a pressurized entrained flow reactor: Effects of pressure and atmosphere," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    17. Sun, Yi & Zheng, Lulin & Liu, Hao & Chen, Zhong lin & Hu, Jinchun & Sun, Wenjibin & Tian, Youwen & Lan, Hong & Zhang, Yiping & Wang, Jin, 2025. "Research on permeability evolution law and gas outburst mechanism of coal near concealed fault," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    18. Liu, Ziyang & He, Mingfei & Tang, Xiaoping & Yuan, Guofeng & Yang, Bin & Yu, Xiaohui & Wang, Zhifeng, 2024. "Capacity optimisation and multi-dimensional analysis of air-source heat pump heating system: A case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    19. Daghigh, Roonak & Arshad, Siamand Azizi, 2025. "Experimental and theoretical performance analysis of PVT-evacuated U-tube solar collectors with and without CPC integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    20. Sun, Chunhua & Liu, Yiting & Cao, Shanshan & Chen, Jiali & Xia, Guoqiang & Wu, Xiangdong, 2022. "Identification of control regularity of heating stations based on cross-correlation function dynamic time delay method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:323:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225014586. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.