Low-carbon economic operation of commercial park-level integrated energy systems incorporating supply and demand flexibility

This article investigates the low-carbon economic operation problem of commercial park-level integrated energy systems (PIES), with a focus on the refined modeling of diverse flexible resources in both supply and demand sides. In the supply side, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is integrated into the combined heat and power (CHP) system to realize flexible outputs, instead of being constrained at a fixed thermoelectric ratio. In the demand side, the building's central air conditioning (CAC) load is modeled by a thermal equilibrium equation, capturing CAC flexibility more accurately. Additionally, given the unique commuting patterns of commercial parks, battery swapping stations (BSS) and electric vehicles are also characterized as flexible demand-side resources. The BSS is modeled as a generalized energy storage device through Minkowski summation to reduce model dimensionality. To address carbon responsibility, a ladder carbon trading mechanism is implemented to constrain the park's carbon emissions. Simulation results show that the proposed model achieves a 22 % cost savings and a 5 % carbon emission reduction compared to traditional operation strategies. This demonstrates that the coordination of supply-demand flexibility significantly improves economic and environmental performance in commercial PIES operation.