IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v314y2025ics0360544224039008.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Near-field jet characteristics of a single-hole medium-/low-pressure hydrogen injector

Author

Listed:
  • Zhang, Gengxin
  • Zhang, Yifei
  • Shi, Penghua
  • Chen, Peihao
  • Schneider, Ludwig
  • Xu, Hongming
  • Wu, Dawei

Abstract

Green hydrogen (H2) becomes an important alternative fuel for decarbonizing internal combustion engines (ICEs). Optimization of air-hydrogen mixture is a significant challenge to achieve stable combustion in H2 ICEs. In the paper, Schlieren optical diagnostic technique was used to reveal the near-field spray characteristics of a single-hole, medium/low-pressure H2 injector under various injection and ambient pressures and Helium (He) is used as a surrogate. Image processing code was developed to obtain critical jet parameters, including jet tip penetration, width, angle, and area. The cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of jet behavior on thirty repeated experiments was assessed using the coefficient of variation (COV) and the normalized dimensionless “Ins number”. The results indicated that the near-field jet could be distinctly divided into three stages: a smooth teardrop-like shape at early stage, a transitional wavy mushroom-head structure at mid stage, and a stable triangular-tower structure at later stage. Different stages of near-field jet exhibited varying CCV characteristics. Compared to jet tip penetration, the CCV in jet width and angle closely approached the proposed “absolute variation” line, playing a crucial role in the jet area CCV. This research provides essential data for the development of H2 jet models, facilitating the design optimization of H2 injectors.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Gengxin & Zhang, Yifei & Shi, Penghua & Chen, Peihao & Schneider, Ludwig & Xu, Hongming & Wu, Dawei, 2025. "Near-field jet characteristics of a single-hole medium-/low-pressure hydrogen injector," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 314(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:314:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224039008
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.134122
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544224039008
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2024.134122?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Haq, Muteeb ul & Jafry, Ali Turab & Ahmad, Saad & Cheema, Taqi Ahmad & Kamran, Muhammad & Ajab, Huma & Masjuki, Haji Hassan, 2023. "Macroscopic spray behavior in pressurized chamber alongside thermal performance of quaternary castor biodiesel with butanol and 1-butoxybutane," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    2. Tian, Junjian & Liu, Yu & Bi, Haobo & Li, Fengyu & Bao, Lin & Han, Kai & Zhou, Wenliang & Ni, Zhanshi & Lin, Qizhao, 2022. "Experimental study on the spray characteristics of octanol diesel and prediction of spray tip penetration by ANN model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    3. Kalghatgi, Gautam, 2018. "Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 965-974.
    4. Qiu, Shuyi & Yao, Bowei & Wang, Shangning & Zhang, Weixuan & Hung, David L.S. & Xu, Min & Li, Xuesong, 2023. "Droplet characteristics of multi-plume flash boiling spray evaluation using SLIPI-LIEF/Mie planar imaging technique," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    5. Falko Ueckerdt & Christian Bauer & Alois Dirnaichner & Jordan Everall & Romain Sacchi & Gunnar Luderer, 2021. "Potential and risks of hydrogen-based e-fuels in climate change mitigation," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(5), pages 384-393, May.
    6. Wang, Ziman & Ding, Haichun & Ma, Xiao & Xu, Hongming & Wyszynski, Miroslaw L., 2016. "Ultra-high speed imaging study of the diesel spray close to the injector tip at the initial opening stage with split injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 105-117.
    7. Wang, Ziman & Ding, Haichun & Ma, Xiao & Xu, Hongming & Wyszynski, Miroslaw L., 2016. "Ultra-high speed imaging study of the diesel spray close to the injector tip at the initial opening stage with single injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 335-344.
    8. Leng, Xianyin & Xing, Mochen & Luo, Zhengwei & Jin, Yu & He, Zhixia & Wei, Shengli, 2024. "An investigation on methanol high pressure spray characteristics and their predictive models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    9. Pu, Tianhao & Wu, Shengqi & Xie, Mingyun & Pang, Yanshuai & Zhang, Chen, 2023. "Breakup characteristics of ultra-high-pressure GDI spray of a single-hole injector under various thermodynamic conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    10. Zhang, Qiankun & Xia, Jin & He, Zhuoyao & Wang, Jianping & Liu, Rui & Zheng, Liang & Qian, Yong & Ju, Dehao & Lu, Xingcai, 2021. "Experimental study on spray characteristics of six-component diesel surrogate fuel under sub/trans/supercritical conditions with different injection pressures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    11. Zhou, Yifan & Wei, Zhenhong & Zhu, Qitian & Cao, Yang & Zhang, Yuyin, 2022. "Quantitative characterization on cyclic variation of mixture formation for flash boiling sprays," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    12. Zhai, Chang & Liu, Erwei & Zhang, Gengxin & Xing, Wenjing & Chang, Feixiang & Jin, Yu & Luo, Hongliang & Nishida, Keiya & Ogata, Yoichi, 2024. "Similarity and normalization study of fuel spray and combustion under ultra-high injection pressure and micro-hole diameter conditions–spray characteristics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    13. Pham, Quangkhai & Chang, Mengzhao & Kalwar, Ankur & Agarwal, Avinash Kumar & Park, Sungwook & Choi, Byungchul & Park, Suhan, 2023. "Macroscopic spray characteristics and internal structure studies of natural gas injection," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    14. Wang, Shangning & Zhang, Yijia & Qiu, Shuyi & Hung, David L.S. & Li, Xuesong & Xu, Min, 2024. "Investigation on cavitation enhancement on flash boiling atomization using two-dimensional slit nozzles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Katarzyna Markowska & Kamil Wittek & Patrycja Kabiesz & Kinga Stecuła & Barış Aydın & Szymon Pawlak & Agata Markowska, 2025. "Hydrogen-Powered Engines: A Study on Selected Technological and Emissions Issues," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Liu, Fushui & Li, Zhishuang & Wang, Ziman & Dai, Xiaoyu & He, Xu & Lee, Chia-Fon, 2018. "Microscopic study on diesel spray under cavitating conditions by injecting fuel into water," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 1172-1181.
    3. Wang, Ziman & Wang, Bo & Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Badawy, Tawfik, 2016. "Microscopic characterization of isooctane spray in the near field under flash boiling condition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 598-606.
    4. Zhishuang Li & Ziman Wang & Haoyang Mo & Han Wu, 2022. "Effect of the Air Flow on the Combustion Process and Preheating Effect of the Intake Manifold Burner," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-17, April.
    5. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Jia, Ming & Qian, Yong & Qiao, Xinqi & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 287-304.
    6. Wang, Ziman & Badawy, Tawfik & Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou & Xu, Hongming, 2017. "Experimental characterization of closely coupled split isooctane sprays under flash boiling conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 199-209.
    7. de la Garza, Oscar A. & Martínez-Martínez, S. & Avulapati, Madan Mohan & Pos, Radboud & Megaritis, Thanos & Ganippa, Lionel, 2021. "Biofuels and its spray interactions under pilot-main injection strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    8. Wang, Ziman & Jiang, Changzhao & Xu, Hongming & Badawy, Tawfik & Wang, Bo & Jiang, Yizhou, 2017. "The influence of flash boiling conditions on spray characteristics with closely coupled split injection strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 523-533.
    9. G.M. Hasan Shahariar & Ock Taeck Lim, 2018. "A Study on Urea-Water Solution Spray-Wall Impingement Process and Solid Deposit Formation in Urea-SCR de-NO x System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, December.
    10. Wang, Ziman & Guo, Hengjie & Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Li, Yanfei, 2017. "Microscopic level study on the spray impingement process and characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 114-123.
    11. Pos, Radboud & Wardle, Robert & Cracknell, Roger & Ganippa, Lionel, 2017. "Spatio-temporal evolution of diesel sprays at the early start of injection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 391-398.
    12. Hwang, Joonsik & Bae, Choongsik & Patel, Chetankumar & Agarwal, Rashmi A. & Gupta, Tarun & Kumar Agarwal, Avinash, 2017. "Investigations on air-fuel mixing and flame characteristics of biodiesel fuels for diesel engine application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1203-1213.
    13. Liao, Yujun & Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, Panayotis & Rentsch, Daniel & Curto, Francesco & Boulouchos, Konstantinos, 2017. "Characterization of the urea-water spray impingement in diesel selective catalytic reduction systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 964-975.
    14. Kale, Aneesh Vijay & Krishnasamy, Anand, 2023. "Experimental study of homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in a light-duty diesel engine fueled with isopropanol–gasoline blends," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    15. Djati Wibowo Djamari & Muhammad Idris & Permana Andi Paristiawan & Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas & Olusegun David Samuel & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Safarudin Gazali Herawan & Davannendran Chandran & Abdu, 2022. "Diesel Spray: Development of Spray in Diesel Engine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-22, November.
    16. Frischmuth, Felix & Härtel, Philipp, 2022. "Hydrogen sourcing strategies and cross-sectoral flexibility trade-offs in net-neutral energy scenarios for Europe," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    17. Ma, Zetai & Xie, Wenping & Xiang, Hanchun & Zhang, Kun & Yang, Mingyang & Deng, Kangyao, 2023. "Thermodynamic analysis of power recovery of marine diesel engine under high exhaust backpressure by additional electrically driven compressor," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    18. Luo, Pan & Gao, Kai & Hu, Lin & Chen, Bin & Zhang, Yuanjian, 2024. "Adaptive hybrid cooling strategy to mitigate battery thermal runaway considering natural convection in phase change material," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 361(C).
    19. Betgeri, Vikram & Bhardwaj, Om Parkash & Pischinger, Stefan, 2023. "Investigation of the drop-in capabilities of a renewable 1-Octanol based E-fuel for heavy-duty engine applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    20. Chang, Mengzhao & Park, Suhan, 2023. "Predictions and analysis of flash boiling spray characteristics of gasoline direct injection injectors based on optimized machine learning algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:314:y:2025:i:c:s0360544224039008. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.