Photovoltaic-penetrated power distribution networks’ resiliency-oriented day-ahead scheduling equipped with power-to-hydrogen systems: A risk-driven decision framework

Hydrogen energy and the pioneering power-to-hydrogen (P-2-H) systems have garnered significant interest due to their potential to revolutionize power systems, offering exceptional long-term energy storage capabilities and augmenting the resilience and flexibility of the grid. This paper presents a novel approach for optimizing the day-ahead proactive scheduling of power distribution networks with high solar penetration. The approach utilizes power-to-hydrogen (P-2-H) technology to enhance resiliency and mitigate risks. Uncertainties in solar irradiation, wind speed, electricity demands, and day-ahead market prices are modeled using a scenario-based probabilistic procedure. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program that minimizes the network's expected normal and resiliency costs while incorporating downside risk constraints. The approach is applied to an IEEE 33-bus power distribution network, demonstrating the effectiveness of P-2-H facilities and risk assessment in improving resiliency during normal and power outage scenarios. Implementing P-2-H facilities in circumstances with and without risk results in a reduction of total operation costs by 40.89% and 40.32%, respectively, according to the simulation findings. Furthermore, the numerical analysis results show that the network's overall operation cost increase for achieving zero risk is only 3.93%, which reduces to 2.32% with the use of P-2-H facilities.