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Life cycle costing of diesel, natural gas, hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell bus systems: An Australian case study

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  • Ally, Jamie
  • Pryor, Trevor

Abstract

The transit authority in Perth, Western Australia, has put several alternative fuel buses, including diesel-electric hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell buses, into revenue service over the years alongside conventional diesel and natural gas buses. Primary data from this fleet is used to construct a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) model, providing an empirical LCC result. The model is then used to forecast possible scenarios using cost estimates for next generation technologies. The methodology follows the Australian/New Zealand Standard for Life Cycle Costing, AS/NZS 4536:1999. The model outputs a dollar value in real terms that represents the LCC of each bus transportation technology. The study finds that Diesel buses deliver the lowest Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The diesel-electric hybrid bus was found to have a TCO that is about 10% higher than conventional diesel. The premium to implement and operate a hydrogen bus, even if industry targets are attained, is still substantially greater than the TCO of a conventional diesel bus, unless a very large increase in the diesel fuel price occurs. However, the hybrid and hydrogen technologies are still very young in comparison to diesel and economies of scale are yet to be realised.

Suggested Citation

  • Ally, Jamie & Pryor, Trevor, 2016. "Life cycle costing of diesel, natural gas, hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell bus systems: An Australian case study," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 285-294.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:94:y:2016:i:c:p:285-294
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.039
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    2. Harris, Andrew & Soban, Danielle & Smyth, Beatrice M. & Best, Robert, 2020. "A probabilistic fleet analysis for energy consumption, life cycle cost and greenhouse gas emissions modelling of bus technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(C).
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    7. Martin Khzouz & Evangelos I. Gkanas & Jia Shao & Farooq Sher & Dmytro Beherskyi & Ahmad El-Kharouf & Mansour Al Qubeissi, 2020. "Life Cycle Costing Analysis: Tools and Applications for Determining Hydrogen Production Cost for Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-19, July.
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    10. Sanjay Kumar Kar & Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha & Rohit Bansal & Bahman Shabani & Sidhartha Harichandan, 2023. "Overview of hydrogen economy in Australia," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(1), January.
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    12. Klaus Kivekäs & Antti Lajunen & Jari Vepsäläinen & Kari Tammi, 2018. "City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, July.
    13. Wang, Zhuowei & Yu, Jiangbo (Gabe) & Chen, Anthony & Fu, Xiaowen, 2024. "Subsidy policies towards zero-emission bus fleets: A systematic technical-economic analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 1-13.
    14. Say, Kelvin & Brown, Felix Gabriel & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna, 2024. "The economics of public transport electrification: When does infrastructure investment matter?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    15. Karaca, Ali Erdogan & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2021. "A hybrid compressed natural gas-pneumatic system as a powering option for buses: A comparative assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    16. Yeongmin Kwon & Suji Kim & Hyungjoo Kim & Jihye Byun, 2020. "What Attributes Do Passengers Value in Electrified Buses?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-14, May.
    17. Jiaming Zhou & Chunxiao Feng & Qingqing Su & Shangfeng Jiang & Zhixian Fan & Jiageng Ruan & Shikai Sun & Leli Hu, 2022. "The Multi-Objective Optimization of Powertrain Design and Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell–Battery Electric Vehicle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, May.
    18. Rillo, E. & Gandiglio, M. & Lanzini, A. & Bobba, S. & Santarelli, M. & Blengini, G., 2017. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of biogas-fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) plant," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 585-602.
    19. SK Safdar Hossain & Bamidele Victor Ayodele & Syed Sadiq Ali & Chin Kui Cheng & Siti Indati Mustapa, 2022. "Comparative Analysis of Support Vector Machine Regression and Gaussian Process Regression in Modeling Hydrogen Production from Waste Effluent," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-14, June.
    20. Hensher, David A., 2021. "The case for negotiated contracts under the transition to a green bus fleet," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 255-269.
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