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Evolution of fully continuous strategies: Spatial Public Goods Game based on Differential Evolution

Author

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  • Kang, Hongwei
  • Guo, Yuzeng
  • Shen, Yong
  • Sun, Xingping
  • Chen, Qingyi
  • Peng, Xiangyue

Abstract

The problem of cooperation in Public Goods Games (PGG) has been a research hotspot in many fields. This paper proposes a novel spatial PGG model, where individuals adopt fully continuous investment (I) and reward willingness (R) strategies and, based on dual objectives of economic payoff and remembered reputation, update their strategies through the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Through simulations, we find that the DE algorithm can enhance cooperation levels. We also discuss the performance of two variants of the DE algorithm (DE/best/1 and DE/best/2) in balancing exploration and exploitation. This study broadens the scope for using optimization algorithms to solve complex social dilemmas and contributes to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of continuous strategies and the emergence of cooperation in complex systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Kang, Hongwei & Guo, Yuzeng & Shen, Yong & Sun, Xingping & Chen, Qingyi & Peng, Xiangyue, 2025. "Evolution of fully continuous strategies: Spatial Public Goods Game based on Differential Evolution," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 200(P2).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:200:y:2025:i:p2:s0960077925011014
    DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2025.117088
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