IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v381y2025ics0306261924025443.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Toward the ensemble consistency: Condition-driven ensemble balance representation learning and nonstationary anomaly detection for battery energy storage system

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Jiayang
  • Chen, Xu
  • Zhao, Chunhui

Abstract

In the battery energy storage systems (BESS), multiple lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells are consolidated into a LIB module for scalable management. Normally, LIB cells within the same module are deemed to exhibit consistency acting as an ensemble. For the reliable monitoring of LIB cells, it is considerably challenging to capture the overall working status of LIB cells meanwhile maintaining the awareness of the consistency among each cell. Additionally, the nonstationary characteristics of LIB cells arising from charging, discharging, and other behaviors pose more difficulties for anomaly detection. In this study, we propose a condition-driven ensemble balance representation learning and anomaly detection method to address those challenges, introducing the concept of ensemble analysis for the first time in the field of LIB anomaly detection. Specifically, an ensemble balance representation learning strategy is developed for LIB cells, primarily consisting of two aspects. First, a dual-layer health (DLH) feature learning approach is proposed to provide a representation of the status of LIB cells, which considers LIB cell’s operation characteristics and the interaction with others. Second, an ensemble balance component analysis (EBCA) method is designed for DLH features to uncover the inherent balance relationship between LIB cells. This approach allows us to monitor the overall working status of LIB cells within the module while maintaining sensitivity to detecting individual LIB cell anomaly. Further, considering the influence of nonstationary characteristics, we develop a condition-driven mode partition strategy to uncover multiple condition modes from the nonstationary operation process of the LIB cells, where the EBCA model is established for each mode. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through real operation processes of LIB cells in a BESS.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Jiayang & Chen, Xu & Zhao, Chunhui, 2025. "Toward the ensemble consistency: Condition-driven ensemble balance representation learning and nonstationary anomaly detection for battery energy storage system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 381(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:381:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924025443
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125160
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924025443
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125160?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ma, Mina & Li, Xiaoyu & Gao, Wei & Sun, Jinhua & Wang, Qingsong & Mi, Chris, 2022. "Multi-fault diagnosis for series-connected lithium-ion battery pack with reconstruction-based contribution based on parallel PCA-KPCA," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    2. Zhang, Caiping & Jiang, Yan & Jiang, Jiuchun & Cheng, Gong & Diao, Weiping & Zhang, Weige, 2017. "Study on battery pack consistency evolutions and equilibrium diagnosis for serial- connected lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 510-519.
    3. Zhao, Yang & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo & Zhang, Lei & Hong, Jichao, 2017. "Fault and defect diagnosis of battery for electric vehicles based on big data analysis methods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 354-362.
    4. Hong, Jichao & Wang, Zhenpo & Yao, Yongtao, 2019. "Fault prognosis of battery system based on accurate voltage abnormity prognosis using long short-term memory neural networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Gao, Zhiyuan & Zhao, Ying & Li, Lianqing & Hao, Yu, 2024. "Economic effects of sustainable energy technology progress under carbon reduction targets: An analysis based on a dynamic multi-regional CGE model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 363(C).
    6. Dai, Haifeng & Wei, Xuezhe & Sun, Zechang & Wang, Jiayuan & Gu, Weijun, 2012. "Online cell SOC estimation of Li-ion battery packs using a dual time-scale Kalman filtering for EV applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 227-237.
    7. Che, Yunhong & Deng, Zhongwei & Li, Penghua & Tang, Xiaolin & Khosravinia, Kavian & Lin, Xianke & Hu, Xiaosong, 2022. "State of health prognostics for series battery packs: A universal deep learning method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    8. Tian, Jiaqiang & Wang, Yujie & Liu, Chang & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "Consistency evaluation and cluster analysis for lithium-ion battery pack in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C).
    9. Zheng, Yuejiu & Ouyang, Minggao & Lu, Languang & Li, Jianqiu & Han, Xuebing & Xu, Liangfei & Ma, Hongbin & Dollmeyer, Thomas A. & Freyermuth, Vincent, 2013. "Cell state-of-charge inconsistency estimation for LiFePO4 battery pack in hybrid electric vehicles using mean-difference model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 571-580.
    10. Mufutau Opeyemi, Bello, 2021. "Path to sustainable energy consumption: The possibility of substituting renewable energy for non-renewable energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hu, Lin & Hu, Xiaosong & Che, Yunhong & Feng, Fei & Lin, Xianke & Zhang, Zhiyong, 2020. "Reliable state of charge estimation of battery packs using fuzzy adaptive federated filtering," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    2. Xinwei Cong & Caiping Zhang & Jiuchun Jiang & Weige Zhang & Yan Jiang & Linjing Zhang, 2021. "A Comprehensive Signal-Based Fault Diagnosis Method for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-21, February.
    3. Zhang, Junwei & Zhang, Weige & Sun, Bingxiang & Zhang, Yanru & Fan, Xinyuan & Zhao, Bo, 2024. "A novel method of battery pack energy health estimation based on visual feature learning," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    4. Li, Shuangqi & He, Hongwen & Li, Jianwei, 2019. "Big data driven lithium-ion battery modeling method based on SDAE-ELM algorithm and data pre-processing technology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1259-1273.
    5. Li, Xiaoyu & Xu, Jianhua & Hong, Jianxun & Tian, Jindong & Tian, Yong, 2021. "State of energy estimation for a series-connected lithium-ion battery pack based on an adaptive weighted strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    6. Qiaohua Fang & Xuezhe Wei & Haifeng Dai, 2019. "A Remaining Discharge Energy Prediction Method for Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Considering SOC and Parameter Inconsistency," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-24, March.
    7. Yu, Quanqing & Dai, Lei & Xiong, Rui & Chen, Zeyu & Zhang, Xin & Shen, Weixiang, 2022. "Current sensor fault diagnosis method based on an improved equivalent circuit battery model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 310(C).
    8. Li, Jinwen & Che, Yunhong & Zhang, Kai & Liu, Hongao & Zhuang, Yi & Liu, Congzhi & Hu, Xiaosong, 2024. "Efficient battery fault monitoring in electric vehicles: Advancing from detection to quantification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 313(C).
    9. Tian, Jiaqiang & Fan, Yuan & Pan, Tianhong & Zhang, Xu & Yin, Jianning & Zhang, Qingping, 2024. "A critical review on inconsistency mechanism, evaluation methods and improvement measures for lithium-ion battery energy storage systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    10. Li, Penghua & Liu, Jianfei & Deng, Zhongwei & Yang, Yalian & Lin, Xianke & Couture, Jonathan & Hu, Xiaosong, 2022. "Increasing energy utilization of battery energy storage via active multivariable fusion-driven balancing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    11. Chen, Zhen & Liu, Weijie & Zhou, Di & Xia, Tangbin & Pan, Ershun, 2025. "Inconsistency identification for Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems using deep embedded clustering," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 388(C).
    12. Seunghwan Jung & Minseok Kim & Eunkyeong Kim & Baekcheon Kim & Jinyong Kim & Kyeong-Hee Cho & Hyang-A Park & Sungshin Kim, 2024. "The Early Detection of Faults for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Energy Storage Systems Using Independent Component Analysis with Mahalanobis Distance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-23, January.
    13. Wang, Yujie & Zhang, Chenbin & Chen, Zonghai, 2015. "A method for state-of-charge estimation of Li-ion batteries based on multi-model switching strategy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 427-434.
    14. Avvari, G.V. & Pattipati, B. & Balasingam, B. & Pattipati, K.R. & Bar-Shalom, Y., 2015. "Experimental set-up and procedures to test and validate battery fuel gauge algorithms," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 404-418.
    15. Oh, Ki-Yong & Epureanu, Bogdan I., 2016. "Characterization and modeling of the thermal mechanics of lithium-ion battery cells," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 633-646.
    16. Jingzhao Zhang & Yanan Wang & Benben Jiang & Haowei He & Shaobo Huang & Chen Wang & Yang Zhang & Xuebing Han & Dongxu Guo & Guannan He & Minggao Ouyang, 2023. "Realistic fault detection of li-ion battery via dynamical deep learning," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-8, December.
    17. Bai, Guangxing & Wang, Pingfeng & Hu, Chao & Pecht, Michael, 2014. "A generic model-free approach for lithium-ion battery health management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 247-260.
    18. Chen, Haosen & Fan, Jinbao & Zhang, Mingliang & Feng, Xiaolong & Zhong, Ximing & He, Jianchao & Ai, Shigang, 2023. "Mechanism of inhomogeneous deformation and equal-stiffness design of large-format prismatic lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    19. Da Li & Zhaosheng Zhang & Peng Liu & Zhenpo Wang, 2019. "DBSCAN-Based Thermal Runaway Diagnosis of Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-15, August.
    20. Kang, Yongzhe & Duan, Bin & Zhou, Zhongkai & Shang, Yunlong & Zhang, Chenghui, 2020. "Online multi-fault detection and diagnosis for battery packs in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:381:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924025443. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.