IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v380y2025ics0306261924024280.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Wind tunnel study of wind turbine wake characteristics over two-dimensional hill considering the effects of terrain slope and turbine position

Author

Listed:
  • Chen, Yao
  • Yan, Bowen
  • Yu, Meng
  • Huang, Guoqing
  • Qian, Guowei
  • Yang, Qingshan
  • Zhang, Kai
  • Mo, Ruiyu

Abstract

Wake interference between turbines in wind farms can lead to significant losses in the overall power output from farms. In this study, the wake characteristics of wind turbines at different positions on two-dimensional hills with different slopes were investigated using a systematic wind tunnel test, where the hub of wind turbine and hills have the same height of 250 mm and the rotor diameter is 400 mm. Firstly, a novel normalization method to fairly evaluate the wake velocity deficit of turbine at different potions over hills was proposed. The wake of wind turbine sited at a hilltop was found to be much more affected by the terrain compared to that of wind turbine located in front of or behind the hill. Subsequently, the effect of terrain on wind turbine wakes, including velocity deficit and added turbulence intensity, were systematically analyzed. The slope of the hill mainly affected the wind turbine wake in the leeward side. The wake flow became wider and the peak value of added turbulence intensity was larger when the turbine located at the hilltop of gentle hill. However, for the steep hill case, the wind turbine wakes recovered faster than that in flat and gentle hill case. Finally, the performance of three typical wake models of velocity deficit and two models of added turbulence intensity were evaluated by using the experimental data. When the turbine was located at the hilltop, the conventional wake models for turbine over flat terrain cannot be directly applicable to the steep hill case as well as the gentle hill case. The Ishihara-Qian model gave reasonable distributions for the added turbulence intensity, except that in the steep hilltop case. Results of this study can provide guidance for the micro-siting arrangement and control strategies of wind turbines in wind farms sited on complex terrain.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Yao & Yan, Bowen & Yu, Meng & Huang, Guoqing & Qian, Guowei & Yang, Qingshan & Zhang, Kai & Mo, Ruiyu, 2025. "Wind tunnel study of wind turbine wake characteristics over two-dimensional hill considering the effects of terrain slope and turbine position," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 380(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:380:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924024280
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125044
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924024280
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125044?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiaoxia, Gao & Luqing, Li & Shaohai, Zhang & Xiaoxun, Zhu & Haiying, Sun & Hongxing, Yang & Yu, Wang & Hao, Lu, 2022. "LiDAR-based observation and derivation of large-scale wind turbine's wake expansion model downstream of a hill," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    2. Yang, Xiaolei & Pakula, Maggie & Sotiropoulos, Fotis, 2018. "Large-eddy simulation of a utility-scale wind farm in complex terrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 229(C), pages 767-777.
    3. Brogna, Roberto & Feng, Ju & Sørensen, Jens Nørkær & Shen, Wen Zhong & Porté-Agel, Fernando, 2020. "A new wake model and comparison of eight algorithms for layout optimization of wind farms in complex terrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    4. Bastankhah, Majid & Porté-Agel, Fernando, 2014. "A new analytical model for wind-turbine wakes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 116-123.
    5. Wei Yang & Meng Yu & Bowen Yan & Guoqing Huang & Qingshan Yang & Senqin Zhang & Tianhao Hong & Xu Zhou & Xiaowei Deng, 2022. "Wind Tunnel Tests of Wake Characteristics for a Scaled Wind Turbine Model Based on Dynamic Similarity," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-17, August.
    6. Yan, Shu & Shi, Shaoping & Chen, Xinming & Wang, Xiaodong & Mao, Linzhi & Liu, Xiaojie, 2018. "Numerical simulations of flow interactions between steep hill terrain and large scale wind turbine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 740-747.
    7. Sarlak, H. & Nishino, T. & Martínez-Tossas, L.A. & Meneveau, C. & Sørensen, J.N., 2016. "Assessment of blockage effects on the wake characteristics and power of wind turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 340-352.
    8. Sun, Haiying & Gao, Xiaoxia & Yang, Hongxing, 2020. "Experimental study on wind speeds in a complex-terrain wind farm and analysis of wake effects," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    9. Dar, Arslan Salim & Porté-Agel, Fernando, 2022. "Wind turbine wakes on escarpments: A wind-tunnel study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 1258-1275.
    10. Sun, Haiying & Yang, Hongxing & Gao, Xiaoxia, 2023. "Investigation into wind turbine wake effect on complex terrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    11. Subramanian, B. & Chokani, N. & Abhari, R.S., 2016. "Aerodynamics of wind turbine wakes in flat and complex terrains," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 454-463.
    12. Radünz, William Corrêa & Sakagami, Yoshiaki & Haas, Reinaldo & Petry, Adriane Prisco & Passos, Júlio César & Miqueletti, Mayara & Dias, Eduardo, 2021. "Influence of atmospheric stability on wind farm performance in complex terrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(PA).
    13. Gao, Xiaoxia & Chen, Yao & Xu, Shinai & Gao, Wei & Zhu, Xiaoxun & Sun, Haiying & Yang, Hongxing & Han, Zhonghe & Wang, Yu & Lu, Hao, 2022. "Comparative experimental investigation into wake characteristics of turbines in three wind farms areas with varying terrain complexity from LiDAR measurements," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    14. Cheng, Xu & Yan, Bowen & Zhou, Xuhong & Yang, Qingshan & Huang, Guoqing & Su, Yanwen & Yang, Wei & Jiang, Yan, 2024. "Wind resource assessment at mountainous wind farm: Fusion of RANS and vertical multi-point on-site measured wind field data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 363(C).
    15. Zhang, Ziyu & Huang, Peng & Bitsuamlak, Girma & Cao, Shuyang, 2024. "Large-eddy simulation of upwind-hill effects on wind-turbine wakes and power performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    16. Kuo, Jim Y.J. & Romero, David A. & Beck, J. Christopher & Amon, Cristina H., 2016. "Wind farm layout optimization on complex terrains – Integrating a CFD wake model with mixed-integer programming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 404-414.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Pacheco de Sá Sarmiento, Franciene Izis & Goes Oliveira, Jorge Luiz & Passos, Júlio César, 2022. "Impact of atmospheric stability, wake effect and topography on power production at complex-terrain wind farm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PC).
    2. Wang, Tengyuan & Cai, Chang & Wang, Xinbao & Wang, Zekun & Chen, Yewen & Song, Juanjuan & Xu, Jianzhong & Zhang, Yuning & Li, Qingan, 2023. "A new Gaussian analytical wake model validated by wind tunnel experiment and LiDAR field measurements under different turbulent flow," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    3. Gao, Xiaoxia & Chen, Yao & Xu, Shinai & Gao, Wei & Zhu, Xiaoxun & Sun, Haiying & Yang, Hongxing & Han, Zhonghe & Wang, Yu & Lu, Hao, 2022. "Comparative experimental investigation into wake characteristics of turbines in three wind farms areas with varying terrain complexity from LiDAR measurements," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Fan, Shuanglong & Liu, Zhenqing, 2025. "Investigation of fully coupled wind field simulations in complex terrain wind farms considering automatic upwind control of turbines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    5. Zhang, Ziyu & Huang, Peng & Bitsuamlak, Girma & Cao, Shuyang, 2024. "Large-eddy simulation of upwind-hill effects on wind-turbine wakes and power performance," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    6. Wang, Qiang & Luo, Kun & Yuan, Renyu & Wang, Shuai & Fan, Jianren & Cen, Kefa, 2020. "A multiscale numerical framework coupled with control strategies for simulating a wind farm in complex terrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    7. Amiri, Mojtaba Maali & Shadman, Milad & Estefen, Segen F., 2024. "A review of physical and numerical modeling techniques for horizontal-axis wind turbine wakes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    8. Guoqing Huang & Yao Chen & Ke Li & Jiangke Luo & Sai Zhang & Mingming Lv, 2024. "A Two-Step Grid–Coordinate Optimization Method for a Wind Farm with a Regular Layout Using a Genetic Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(13), pages 1-22, July.
    9. Song, Jeonghwan & Kim, Taewan & You, Donghyun, 2023. "Particle swarm optimization of a wind farm layout with active control of turbine yaws," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 738-747.
    10. Zhang, Shaohai & Gao, Xiaoxia & Ma, Wanli & Lu, Hongkun & Lv, Tao & Xu, Shinai & Zhu, Xiaoxun & Sun, Haiying & Wang, Yu, 2023. "Derivation and verification of three-dimensional wake model of multiple wind turbines based on super-Gaussian function," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 215(C).
    11. Wei Li & Shinai Xu & Baiyun Qian & Xiaoxia Gao & Xiaoxun Zhu & Zeqi Shi & Wei Liu & Qiaoliang Hu, 2022. "Large-Scale Wind Turbine’s Load Characteristics Excited by the Wind and Grid in Complex Terrain: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-29, December.
    12. Wang, Tengyuan & Cai, Chang & Liu, Junbo & Peng, Chaoyi & Wang, Yibo & Sun, Xiangyu & Zhong, Xiaohui & Zhang, Jingjing & Li, Qingan, 2024. "Wake characteristics and vortex structure evolution of floating offshore wind turbine under surge motion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 302(C).
    13. Shu, Tong & Song, Dongran & Joo, Young Hoon, 2022. "Non-centralised coordinated optimisation for maximising offshore wind farm power via a sparse communication architecture," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    14. Wang, Qiang & Luo, Kun & Wu, Chunlei & Zhu, Zhaofan & Fan, Jianren, 2022. "Mesoscale simulations of a real onshore wind power base in complex terrain: Wind farm wake behavior and power production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    15. Arslan Salim Dar & Fernando Porté-Agel, 2022. "An Analytical Model for Wind Turbine Wakes under Pressure Gradient," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-13, July.
    16. Xiaoxia, Gao & Luqing, Li & Shaohai, Zhang & Xiaoxun, Zhu & Haiying, Sun & Hongxing, Yang & Yu, Wang & Hao, Lu, 2022. "LiDAR-based observation and derivation of large-scale wind turbine's wake expansion model downstream of a hill," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    17. Wen, Jiahao & Zhou, Lei & Zhang, Hongfu, 2023. "Mode interpretation of blade number effects on wake dynamics of small-scale horizontal axis wind turbine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PA).
    18. Brogna, Roberto & Feng, Ju & Sørensen, Jens Nørkær & Shen, Wen Zhong & Porté-Agel, Fernando, 2020. "A new wake model and comparison of eight algorithms for layout optimization of wind farms in complex terrain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    19. He, Ruiyang & Yang, Hongxing & Sun, Haiying & Gao, Xiaoxia, 2021. "A novel three-dimensional wake model based on anisotropic Gaussian distribution for wind turbine wakes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    20. Reddy, Sohail R., 2020. "Wind Farm Layout Optimization (WindFLO) : An advanced framework for fast wind farm analysis and optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:380:y:2025:i:c:s0306261924024280. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.