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Two-phase spray cooling for high ambient temperature data centers: Evaluation of system performance

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  • Kandasamy, Ranjith
  • Ho, Jin Yao
  • Liu, Pengfei
  • Wong, Teck Neng
  • Toh, Kok Chuan
  • Chua, Sunshine Jr

Abstract

A lab-scale spray cooled rack system with a server and simulated heaters, operating with near-ambient temperature coolant of approximately 30 °C, was developed for data center cooling application. This system has significant energy saving potential as it eliminates the need for a chiller unit, which is usually necessary in conventional air-cooling schemes. The system was designed to dissipate a maximum heat load of 5.6 kW. Despite its higher operating temperature, our investigation shows that the spray cooled system leads to better cooling performance of the microprocessors as compared to conventional air-cooling scheme. A durability study for more than 40 h of cumulative intermittent operation showed no degradation in system performance when operated at high chamber temperature conditions (>35 ℃). The thermal performance of the spray cooled system and the effects of parameters such as spray nozzle flow rate, condenser fan power, condenser flow rate and heat loads were systematically characterized. It is found that the thermal performance of the simulated heaters is mainly affected by the spray nozzle flow rate, while the condenser fan power and condenser cooling water flow rate strongly affect the condensation rate and are, therefore, critical parameters for spray chamber pressure control. In summary, this work demonstrates the possibility of employing the newly developed spray cooled system for the thermal management of high-performance servers of data centers in tropical climates and identified key operating parameters that are useful for the design, operation and implementation of this system.

Suggested Citation

  • Kandasamy, Ranjith & Ho, Jin Yao & Liu, Pengfei & Wong, Teck Neng & Toh, Kok Chuan & Chua, Sunshine Jr, 2022. "Two-phase spray cooling for high ambient temperature data centers: Evaluation of system performance," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:305:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921011466
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117816
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Koot, Martijn & Wijnhoven, Fons, 2021. "Usage impact on data center electricity needs: A system dynamic forecasting model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    2. Habibi Khalaj, Ali & Halgamuge, Saman K., 2017. "A Review on efficient thermal management of air- and liquid-cooled data centers: From chip to the cooling system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 1165-1188.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tianshi Zhang & Ziming Mo & Xiaoyu Xu & Xiaoyan Liu & Haopeng Chen & Zhiwu Han & Yuying Yan & Yingai Jin, 2022. "Advanced Study of Spray Cooling: From Theories to Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-40, December.
    2. Xiaofei Huang & Junwei Yan & Xuan Zhou & Yixin Wu & Shichen Hu, 2023. "Cooling Technologies for Internet Data Center in China: Principle, Energy Efficiency, and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-31, October.
    3. Mao, Yufeng & Zhong, Mingliang & Wang, Ji X., 2023. "Dimensionless study of phase-change-based thermal protection for pulsed electromagnetic machines: Towards heat absorption-dissipation matching," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    4. Sijun Xu & Hua Zhang & Zilong Wang, 2023. "Thermal Management and Energy Consumption in Air, Liquid, and Free Cooling Systems for Data Centers: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-25, January.
    5. Liu, Pengfei & Kandasamy, Ranjith & Ho, Jin Yao & Wong, Teck Neng & Toh, Kok Chuan, 2023. "Dynamic performance analysis and thermal modelling of a novel two-phase spray cooled rack system for data center cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    6. Jing Yin & Shangming Wang & Xuehao Sang & Zhifu Zhou & Bin Chen & Panidis Thrassos & Alexandros Romeos & Athanasios Giannadakis, 2022. "Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-29, November.
    7. Tiezhu Sun & Xiaojun Huang & Caihang Liang & Riming Liu & Yongcheng Yan, 2023. "Energy Consumption and Energy Saving Analysis of Air-Conditioning Systems of Data Centers in Typical Cities in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-15, May.

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