IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v223y2025ics1364032125006677.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Efficient two-phase liquid cooling and optimization technology on the chip side based on high-power data centers: Summary and prospects

Author

Listed:
  • Chen, Xinge
  • Hu, Chudong
  • Liang, Jun
  • Li, Jiangpeng
  • Lu, Lin
  • Wu, Yan
  • Zang, Jianbin

Abstract

With the advent of the big data era and the rapid development of AI technology, the power demand of data centers is expected to exceed 1000 TWh by 2026, with more than 35 % of the electricity consumed by cooling systems. Additionally, the load and heat flux density of chips are increasing annually.The adoption of more efficient and energy-saving cooling methods is an inevitable trend. This paper reviews the latest research progress and optimization technologies of four two-phase liquid cooling methods for data center chip cooling, including direct liquid cooling technologies(Two-phase immersion and spray cooling) and indirect liquid cooling technologies(Two-phase cold plate and heat pipe cooling). It focuses on system configurations with high application potential in data centers and cooling optimization methods tailored to actual data center needs. While indirect cooling technologies are more mature but have limited cooling capacity. Spray cooling has higher cooling potential but lacks safety and stability. Two-phase immersion cooling performs well in all aspects and currently shows significant application potential. Overall, this article summarizes the current application status of data center cooling systems, and points out the direction for the application types and optimization paths of the system in the era of booming computing power.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Xinge & Hu, Chudong & Liang, Jun & Li, Jiangpeng & Lu, Lin & Wu, Yan & Zang, Jianbin, 2025. "Efficient two-phase liquid cooling and optimization technology on the chip side based on high-power data centers: Summary and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 223(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:223:y:2025:i:c:s1364032125006677
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.115994
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032125006677
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115994?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:223:y:2025:i:c:s1364032125006677. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.