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Sustainability index accounting food and carbon benefits on circular 2,3-butanediol biorefinery with oil palm empty fruit bunches

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  • Rehman, Shazia
  • Islam, Md Khairul
  • Khanzada, Noman Khalid
  • Zhuang, Huichuan
  • Wang, Huaimin
  • Chaiprapat, Sumate
  • Leu, Shao-Yuan

Abstract

Progressive replacement of petroleum chemicals with biomass derived products is an essential research goal toward sustainability. However, the progress of the development of new generation biorefinery has been affected by many factors, i.e., prices of crude oil, food, and carbon. To quantify the environmental and social impacts of the technologies, this study constructed a sustainability index for calculating two new bio-butanediol production processes with oil palm empty fruit bunches as example feedstock. The performance of organosolv pretreatment using butanediol was compared with the whole slurry conversion process using sulfite pretreated biomass, over the petroleum refinery and first generation biorefinery with food crop feedstock. The organosolv biorefinery process successfully converted the biomass into 77.3 ± 1.63 g/L of bio-butanediol (0.45 g/g yield), which is slightly higher (5.5%) than that of the sulfite-based process. The integration of biorefinery techniques, with oil palm farming shall result in 6.8 kg-CO2 and 0.5 kg-food benefits per kg butanediol produced, yielding a sustainability index of 7.30. The food index for first generation biorefinery is −1.04 kg food per kg butanediol produced. Using empty fruit bunches for butanediol production could save 1.54 kg food crop consumption, which turns the “food vs. fuel competition” into a “food plus fuel nexus”.

Suggested Citation

  • Rehman, Shazia & Islam, Md Khairul & Khanzada, Noman Khalid & Zhuang, Huichuan & Wang, Huaimin & Chaiprapat, Sumate & Leu, Shao-Yuan, 2021. "Sustainability index accounting food and carbon benefits on circular 2,3-butanediol biorefinery with oil palm empty fruit bunches," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:303:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921010291
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117667
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dong, Chengyu & Wang, Ying & Chan, Ka-Lai & Bhatia, Akanksha & Leu, Shao-Yuan, 2018. "Temperature profiling to maximize energy yield with reduced water input in a lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 63-72.
    2. Garcia-Nunez, Jesus Alberto & Ramirez-Contreras, Nidia Elizabeth & Rodriguez, Deisy Tatiana & Silva-Lora, Electo & Frear, Craig Stuart & Stockle, Claudio & Garcia-Perez, Manuel, 2016. "Evolution of palm oil mills into bio-refineries: Literature review on current and potential uses of residual biomass and effluents," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 99-114.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yuchen Bai & Huiya Feng & Nan Liu & Xuebing Zhao, 2023. "Biomass-Derived 2,3-Butanediol and Its Application in Biofuels Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-25, August.
    2. Gourich, Wail & Chan, Eng-Seng & Ng, Wei Zhe & Obon, Aaron Anthony & Maran, Kireshwen & Ong, Yi Hui & Lee, Chin Loong & Tan, Jully & Song, Cher Pin, 2022. "Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).

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