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Reliability of emergency and standby diesel generators: Impact on energy resiliency solutions

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  • Marqusee, Jeffrey
  • Jenket, Donald

Abstract

Emergency diesel generators are the most common form of backup power for critical loads when the grid fails and are most often deployed as stand-alone generators (<2000 kW) tied to individual buildings for hospitals, emergency services, military bases, ports, airports, industries, and commercial facilities. Understanding the finite reliability of emergency diesel generators during continuous operation is crucial for energy planners, managers, and end-users. A new analysis of two large non-public emergency diesel generator operational data sets shows that commonly used reliability metrics are inadequate to predict the performance during a grid outage. Additional metrics addressing the likelihood of an emergency diesel generator to be available at the time an outage starts, successfully start and carry load, and constantly run for the duration of the outage are needed to predict the continuous run-time reliability of emergency diesel generators during a grid outage. This is the first analysis of the reliability of modern generators that follow standard maintenance protocols commonly used for backup power and these new metrics are shown to be dependent on the level of emergency diesel generator maintenance with values that can vary by more than an order of magnitude. Even using the new metrics for well-maintained emergency diesel generators, the analysis shows that the single emergency diesel generators configurations are only 80% likely to provide power for the duration of a two-week grid outage.

Suggested Citation

  • Marqusee, Jeffrey & Jenket, Donald, 2020. "Reliability of emergency and standby diesel generators: Impact on energy resiliency solutions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:268:y:2020:i:c:s030626192030430x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114918
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Ioannis E. Kosmadakis & Costas Elmasides, 2021. "A Sizing Method for PV–Battery–Generator Systems for Off-Grid Applications Based on the LCOE," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-29, April.
    2. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2024. "Allocation and activation of resource constrained shock-exposed components in heterogeneous 1-out-of-n standby system," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    3. Shang, Ce & Lin, Teng & Li, Canbing & Wang, Keyou & Ai, Qian, 2021. "Joining resilience and reliability evaluation against both weather and ageing causes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2023. "Standby mode transfer schedule minimizing downtime of 1-out-of-N system with storage," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 237(C).
    5. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2023. "Predetermined standby mode transfers in 1-out-of-N systems with resource-constrained elements," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 229(C).
    6. Grover, Himanshu & Verma, Ashu & Bhatti, T.S., 2022. "DOBC-based frequency & voltage regulation strategy for PV-diesel hybrid microgrid during islanding conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 883-900.
    7. Ana Cabrera-Tobar & Francesco Grimaccia & Sonia Leva, 2023. "Energy Resilience in Telecommunication Networks: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-23, September.
    8. Wang, Shaoxuan & Yao, Yuantao & Ge, Daochuan & Lin, Zhixian & Wu, Jie & Yu, Jie, 2023. "Reliability evaluation of standby redundant systems based on the survival signatures methods," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    9. Dong, Zhe & Li, Bowen & Li, Junyi & Huang, Xiaojin & Zhang, Zuoyi, 2022. "Online reliability assessment of energy systems based on a high-order extended-state-observer with application to nuclear reactors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    10. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2023. "Co-optimizing component allocation and activation sequence in heterogeneous 1-out-of-n standby system exposed to shocks," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    11. Zhang, Dongdong & Li, Chunjiao & Goh, Hui Hwang & Ahmad, Tanveer & Zhu, Hongyu & Liu, Hui & Wu, Thomas, 2022. "A comprehensive overview of modeling approaches and optimal control strategies for cyber-physical resilience in power systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 1383-1406.
    12. Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Aritra Ghosh & Shauhrat S. Chopra, 2020. "Power Resilience Enhancement of a Residential Electricity User Using Photovoltaics and a Battery Energy Storage System under Uncertainty Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-26, August.
    13. Marqusee, Jeffrey & Ericson, Sean & Jenket, Don, 2021. "Impact of emergency diesel generator reliability on microgrids and building-tied systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).

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