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Part-load particulate matter from a GDI engine and the connection with combustion characteristics

Author

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  • Bonatesta, F.
  • Chiappetta, E.
  • La Rocca, A.

Abstract

The Gasoline Direct Injection engines are an important source of ultra-fine particulate matter. Significant research effort is still required as improved understanding of soot formation is critical in considering further development or adoption of new technologies. Experimental measurements of engine-out soot emissions have been taken from a modern Euro IV GDI engine at part-load operating conditions. The engine speed and torque were varied in the range 1600–3700rev/min, and 30–120Nm, respectively. The engine was invariably operated in stoichiometric and homogeneous combustion mode, with fuel injection early in the intake stroke. The results indicate that for engine load in excess of 3bar Brake Mean Effective Pressure, due to incomplete gas-phase mixture preparation, a consistent linear correlation establishes between combustion duration and soot particle number. On average, a sixfold increase in number concentration between 1.0 and 6.0×106 particle per cc, arises from shortening the rapid duration of 4 crank angle degrees. For engine speed in excess of 3000rev/min and load in excess of 7bar BMEP, this correlation appears to be superseded by the effects of spray-to-piston impingement and consequent pool-fire. Three main areas of concern have been identified within the part-load running envelope: (1) the higher load-lower speed range and (2) the mid load-mid speed range, where high nucleation rates induce copious increases of engine-out soot mass; (3) the upper part-load range where, most likely as a result of spray impingement, high levels of soot concentration (up to 10 million particles per cc) are emitted with very small size (23–40nm).

Suggested Citation

  • Bonatesta, F. & Chiappetta, E. & La Rocca, A., 2014. "Part-load particulate matter from a GDI engine and the connection with combustion characteristics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 366-376.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:124:y:2014:i:c:p:366-376
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.030
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jia, Ming & Li, Yaopeng & Xie, Maozhao & Wang, Tianyou, 2013. "Numerical evaluation of the potential of late intake valve closing strategy for diesel PCCI (premixed charge compression ignition) engine in a wide speed and load range," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 203-215.
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    1. Wang, Chongming & Xu, Hongming & Herreros, Jose Martin & Wang, Jianxin & Cracknell, Roger, 2014. "Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 178-191.
    2. Jihwan Jang & Jonghui Choi & Hoseung Yi & Sungwook Park, 2020. "Effects of the Bore to Stroke Ratio on Combustion, Gaseous and Particulate Emissions in a Small Port Fuel Injection Engine Fueled with Ethanol Blended Gasoline," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, January.
    3. Costa, M. & Catapano, F. & Sementa, P. & Sorge, U. & Vaglieco, B.M., 2016. "Mixture preparation and combustion in a GDI engine under stoichiometric or lean charge: an experimental and numerical study on an optically accessible engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 86-103.
    4. Liu, Haoye & Li, Ziyang & Xu, Hongming & Ma, Xiao & Shuai, Shijin, 2020. "Nucleation mode particle evolution in a gasoline direct injection engine with/without a three-way catalyst converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    5. Qian, Yong & Li, Zilong & Yu, Liang & Wang, Xiaole & Lu, Xingcai, 2019. "Review of the state-of-the-art of particulate matter emissions from modern gasoline fueled engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1269-1298.
    6. Sun, Yao & Yu, Xiumin & Dong, Wei & Chen, Hong & Hu, Yunfeng, 2018. "Effect of split injection on particle number (PN) emissions in GDI engine at fast-idle through integrated analysis of optics and mechanics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 55-67.
    7. Yu, Wenbin & Zhao, Feiyang & Yang, Wenming, 2020. "Qualitative analysis of particulate matter emission from diesel engine fueled with Jet A-1 under multivariate combustion boundaries by principal component analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    8. Gong, Changming & Peng, Legao & Liu, Fenghua, 2017. "Modeling of the overall equivalence ratio effects on combustion process and unregulated emissions of an SIDI methanol engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 118-126.
    9. Gao, Zhiming & Curran, Scott J. & Parks, James E. & Smith, David E. & Wagner, Robert M. & Daw, C. Stuart & Edwards, K. Dean & Thomas, John F., 2015. "Drive cycle simulation of high efficiency combustions on fuel economy and exhaust properties in light-duty vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 762-776.
    10. Zhang, Wenbin & Zhang, Zhou & Ma, Xiao & Awad, Omar I. & Li, Yanfei & Shuai, Shijin & Xu, Hongming, 2020. "Impact of injector tip deposits on gasoline direct injection engine combustion, fuel economy and emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    11. Davide D. Sciortino & Fabrizio Bonatesta & Edward Hopkins & Changho Yang & Denise Morrey, 2017. "A Combined Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Wall-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-27, September.
    12. Storch, Michael & Koegl, Matthias & Altenhoff, Michael & Will, Stefan & Zigan, Lars, 2016. "Investigation of soot formation of spark-ignited ethanol-blended gasoline sprays with single- and multi-component base fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 278-287.
    13. Wei, Yanju & Wang, Kun & Wang, Wenrui & Liu, Shenghua & Chen, Xiao & Yang, Yajing & Bai, Shanwen, 2014. "Comparison study on the emission characteristics of diesel- and dimethyl ether-originated particulate matters," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 357-369.
    14. Anbari Attar, Mohammadreza & Xu, Hongming, 2016. "Experimental investigation of impacts of engine hardware, operating parameters and combustion performance on particulate emissions in a DISI engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 703-715.
    15. Koegl, M. & Hofbeck, B. & Will, S. & Zigan, L., 2018. "Investigation of soot formation and oxidation of ethanol and butanol fuel blends in a DISI engine at different exhaust gas recirculation rates," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 426-434.
    16. Jiang, Changzhao & Parker, Matthew C. & Butcher, Daniel & Spencer, Adrian & Garner, Colin P. & Helie, Jerome, 2019. "Comparison of flash boiling resistance of two injector designs and the consequences on downsized gasoline engine emissions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    17. Wang, Buyu & Mosbach, Sebastian & Schmutzhard, Sebastian & Shuai, Shijin & Huang, Yaqing & Kraft, Markus, 2016. "Modelling soot formation from wall films in a gasoline direct injection engine using a detailed population balance model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 154-166.
    18. Liu, Hui & Wang, Zhi & Long, Yan & Xiang, Shouzhi & Wang, Jianxin & Wagnon, Scott W., 2015. "Methanol-gasoline Dual-fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) combustion with dual-injection for engine particle number (PN) reduction and fuel economy improvement," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 1010-1017.
    19. Cha-Lee Myung & Juwon Kim & Wonwook Jang & Dongyoung Jin & Simsoo Park & Jeongmin Lee, 2015. "Nanoparticle Filtration Characteristics of Advanced Metal Foam Media for a Spark Ignition Direct Injection Engine in Steady Engine Operating Conditions and Vehicle Test Modes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-17, March.
    20. Bermúdez, Vicente & Luján, José Manuel & Climent, Héctor & Campos, Daniel, 2015. "Assessment of pollutants emission and aftertreatment efficiency in a GTDi engine including cooled LP-EGR system under different steady-state operating conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C), pages 459-473.
    21. Tara Larsson & Senthil Krishnan Mahendar & Anders Christiansen-Erlandsson & Ulf Olofsson, 2021. "The Effect of Pure Oxygenated Biofuels on Efficiency and Emissions in a Gasoline Optimised DISI Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-24, June.

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