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Mercenary punishment in structured populations

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  • Lee, Hsuan-Wei
  • Cleveland, Colin
  • Szolnoki, Attila

Abstract

Punishing those who refuse to participate in common efforts is a known and intensively studied way to maintain cooperation among self-interested agents. But this act is costly, hence punishers who are generally also engaged in the original joint venture, become vulnerable, which jeopardizes the effectiveness of this incentive. As an alternative, we may hire special players, whose only duty is to watch the population and punish defectors. Such a policelike or mercenary punishment can be maintained by a tax-based fund. If this tax is negligible, a cyclic dominance may emerge among different strategies. When this tax is relevant then this solution disappears. In the latter case, the fine level becomes a significant factor that determines whether punisher players coexist with cooperators or alternatively with defectors. The maximal average outcome can be reached at an intermediate cost value of punishment. Our observations highlight that we should take special care when such kind of punishment and accompanying tax are introduced to reach a collective goal.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee, Hsuan-Wei & Cleveland, Colin & Szolnoki, Attila, 2022. "Mercenary punishment in structured populations," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 417(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:apmaco:v:417:y:2022:i:c:s0096300321008791
    DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2021.126797
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    3. Wang, Chaoqian & Szolnoki, Attila, 2022. "Involution game with spatio-temporal heterogeneity of social resources," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 430(C).
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    5. Li, MingYuan & Kang, HongWei & Sun, XingPing & Shen, Yong & Chen, QingYi, 2022. "Replicator dynamics of public goods game with tax-based punishment," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    6. Wang, Jingrui & Zhang, Huizhen & Jin, Xing & Ma, Leyu & Chen, Yueren & Wang, Chao & Zhao, Jian & An, Tianbo, 2023. "Subsidy policy with punishment mechanism can promote voluntary vaccination behaviors in structured populations," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    7. Lee, Hsuan-Wei & Cleveland, Colin & Szolnoki, Attila, 2023. "Restoring spatial cooperation with myopic agents in a three-strategy social dilemma," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 458(C).
    8. Yang, Zhengzhi & Zheng, Lei & Perc, Matjaž & Li, Yumeng, 2024. "Interaction state Q-learning promotes cooperation in the spatial prisoner's dilemma game," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 463(C).
    9. Shuo Wang & Zhuang Li & Weidong Li & Hua Jiang, 2022. "Continuous Spatial Public Goods Game Based on Particle Swarm Optimization with Memory Stability," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(23), pages 1-16, December.
    10. Jun Qian & Tongda Zhang & Xiao Sun & Yueting Chai, 2023. "The coordination of collective and individual solutions in risk-resistant scenarios," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 96(2), pages 1-15, February.
    11. Sun, Xingping & Li, Mingyuan & Kang, Hongwei & Shen, Yong & Chen, Qingyi, 2023. "Combined effect of pure punishment and reward in the public goods game," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 445(C).
    12. Zhu, Wenqiang & Pan, Qiuhui & Song, Sha & He, Mingfeng, 2023. "Effects of exposure-based reward and punishment on the evolution of cooperation in prisoner’s dilemma game," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    13. Shen, Yong & Lei, Wei & Kang, Hongwei & Li, Mingyuan & Sun, Xingping & Chen, Qingyi, 2023. "Evolutionary dynamics of public goods game with tax-based rewarding cooperators," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 175(P1).

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