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Accurate measurement of wind drift and evaporation losses could improve water application efficiency of sprinkler irrigation systems − A comparison of measuring techniques

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  • Sarwar, Abid
  • Peters, R. Troy
  • Shafeeque, Muhammad
  • Mohamed, Abdelmoneim
  • Arshad, Arfan
  • Ullah, Ikram
  • Saddique, Naeem
  • Muzammil, Muhammad
  • Aslam, Rana Ammar

Abstract

Wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) are some of the major sprinkler-irrigation losses which exist even in a well-managed irrigation system. Several research studies found a wide range of WDEL under different and nearly similar configurations of sprinkler irrigation systems under similar weather conditions but using different methodologies to measure the WDEL. The specific objective of this research was to evaluate the three most commonly used measuring techniques (standard catch-can tests (CC), an electrical conductivity method (EC), and a physical-based mathematical approach (PM)) for WDEL on a common sprinkler irrigation system under the same climatic conditions. We conducted 33 experiments from May to September of 2018 near Prosser, Washington. Twenty-two of these experiments were during the daylight hours, and 11 were during the night. We used catch-cans of 29.3 cm diameter and rain gauges (diameter of 10 cm) to collect water to measure the irrigation water's electrical conductivity. Mass and heat transfer approaches were used in the PM technique. The results showed that the three techniques yielded statistically different mean WDEL. The highest WDELs were in CC (22.8%), followed by EC (17.5%) and PM (6.8%) techniques. The CC WDELs were better correlated with PM than the EC approach. The mean nighttime WDEL for the EC and CC methods were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The CC WDELs were more closely related to wind speed than the vapor pressure deficit. The EC and PM approaches have a higher correlation to the vapor pressure deficit. The overall conclusion disclosed that the more we use indirect measurement methods, the more the chances of erroneous numbers. The EC and PM approaches are likely limited to measuring droplet evaporation as the latter includes several assumptions. The CC approach is a direct measurement of the WDEL.

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  • Sarwar, Abid & Peters, R. Troy & Shafeeque, Muhammad & Mohamed, Abdelmoneim & Arshad, Arfan & Ullah, Ikram & Saddique, Naeem & Muzammil, Muhammad & Aslam, Rana Ammar, 2021. "Accurate measurement of wind drift and evaporation losses could improve water application efficiency of sprinkler irrigation systems − A comparison of measuring techniques," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:agiwat:v:258:y:2021:i:c:s0378377421004868
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107209
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sarwar, Abid & Peters, R. Troy & Mehanna, Hani & Amini, Mohamma Zaman & Mohamed, Abdelmoneim Zakaria, 2019. "Evaluating water application efficiency of low and mid elevation spray application under changing weather conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 84-91.
    2. Seginer, Ido & Kantz, Dvora & Nir, Dov, 1991. "The distortion by wind of the distribution patterns of single sprinklers," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 341-359, May.
    3. Yazar, Attila, 1984. "Evaporation and drift losses from sprinkler irrigation systems under various operating conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 439-449, February.
    4. Sadeghi, S.-H. & Peters, T. & Shafii, B. & Amini, M.Z. & Stöckle, C., 2017. "Continuous variation of wind drift and evaporation losses under a linear move irrigation system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 39-54.
    5. Playan, E. & Garrido, S. & Faci, J.M. & Galan, A., 2004. "Characterizing pivot sprinklers using an experimental irrigation machine," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 177-193, December.
    6. Playan, E. & Salvador, R. & Faci, J.M. & Zapata, N. & Martinez-Cob, A. & Sanchez, I., 2005. "Day and night wind drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler solid-sets and moving laterals," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 76(3), pages 139-159, August.
    7. Mohamed, Abdelmoneim Z. & Peters, R. Troy & Zhu, Xingye & Sarwar, Abid, 2019. "Adjusting irrigation uniformity coefficients for unimportant variability on a small scale," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 1078-1083.
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    1. Muhammad Waseem Rasheed & Jialiang Tang & Abid Sarwar & Suraj Shah & Naeem Saddique & Muhammad Usman Khan & Muhammad Imran Khan & Shah Nawaz & Redmond R. Shamshiri & Marjan Aziz & Muhammad Sultan, 2022. "Soil Moisture Measuring Techniques and Factors Affecting the Moisture Dynamics: A Comprehensive Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-23, September.
    2. Mattar, Mohamed A. & Roy, Dilip Kumar & Al-Ghobari, Hussein M. & Dewidar, Ahmed Z., 2022. "Machine learning and regression-based techniques for predicting sprinkler irrigation's wind drift and evaporation losses," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    3. Haijun Liu & Jie Chang & Xiaopei Tang & Jinping Zhang, 2022. "In Situ Measurement of Stemflow, Throughfall and Canopy Interception of Sprinkler Irrigation Water in a Wheat Field," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-15, August.

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